The synergistic effects of pre-intercritical annealing treatments and multiple heating to the two-phase region (followed by quenching) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dual-phase (DP) steel were studied. Intercritical annealing of ferritic-pearlitic, martensitic, and cold-rolled martensitic microstructures was investigated. The effects of tempering, austenitisation, grain growth, and recrystallisation were unravelled and an optimum holding time was characterised for each initial microstructure. Grain refinement by recrystallisation of cold-rolled martensitic microstructure resulted in the enhancement of tensile properties. Thermal cycling through multi-step intercritical annealing resulted in grain refinement and enhanced mechanical response. It was revealed that thermal cycling combined with the carefully controlled pre-intercritical microstructure could be simply used for the improvement of mechanical properties of DP steel.
OkitsuYTakataNTsujiN.Ultrafine ferrite formation through cold-rolling and annealing of low-carbon dual-phase steel. Mater Sci Technol. 2015; 31:745–754. doi: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000660
5.
SodjitSUthaisangsukV.Microstructure based prediction of strain hardening behavior of dual phase steels. Mater Des. 2012; 41:370–379. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.010
6.
SoleimaniMMirzadehHDehghanianC.Unraveling the effect of martensite volume fraction on the mechanical and corrosion properties of low-carbon dual-phase steel. Steel Res Int. 2020; 91:1900327. doi: 10.1002/srin.201900327
7.
NajafkhaniFMirzadehHZamaniM.Effect of intercritical annealing conditions on grain growth kinetics of dual phase steel. Met Mater Int. 2019; 25:1039–1046. doi: 10.1007/s12540-019-00241-2
8.
DaviesRG.Influence of martensite composition and content on the properties of dual phase steels. Metall Trans A. 1978; 9:671–679. doi: 10.1007/BF02659924
9.
SoleimaniMMirzadehHDehghanianC.Processing route effects on the mechanical and corrosion properties of dual phase steel. Met Mater Int. 2020; 26:882–890. doi: 10.1007/s12540-019-00459-0
10.
ZhangJDiHDengYEffect of martensite morphology and volume fraction on strain hardening and fracture behavior of martensite–ferrite dual phase steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015; 627:230–240. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.01.006
11.
NakadaNArakawaYParkKSDual phase structure formed by partial reversion of cold-deformed martensite. Mater Sci Eng A. 2012; 553:128–133. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.001
12.
ThomserCUthaisangsukVBleckW.Influence of martensite distribution on the mechanical properties of dual phase steels: experiments and simulation. Steel Res Int. 2009; 80:582–587.
13.
NourooziMMirzadehHZamaniM.Effect of microstructural refinement and intercritical annealing time on mechanical properties of high-formability dual phase steel. Mater Sci Eng: A. 2018; 736:22–26. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.088
14.
DengYDiHMisraRDK.On significance of initial microstructure in governing mechanical behavior and fracture of dual-phase steels. J Iron Steel Res Int. 2018; 25:932–942. doi: 10.1007/s42243-018-0133-0
15.
MazaheriYJahanaraAHSheikhiMHigh strength-elongation balance in ultrafine grained ferrite-martensite dual phase steels developed by thermomechanical processing. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 761:138021. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.06.031
16.
Azizi-AlizaminiHMilitzerMPooleWJFormation of ultrafine grained dual phase steels through rapid heating. ISIJ Int. 2011; 51:958–964. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.958
17.
NikkhahSMirzadehHZamaniM.Improved mechanical properties of mild steel via combination of deformation, intercritical annealing, and quench aging. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 756:268–271. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.071
18.
DengYDiHHuMHigh strength-high ductility combination ultrafine-grained dual-phase steels through introduction of high degree of strain at room temperature followed by ultrarapid heating during continuous annealing of a Nb-microalloyed steel. J Mater Eng Perform. 2017; 26:3007–3015. doi: 10.1007/s11665-017-2740-5
19.
CalcagnottoMPongeDRaabeD.Effect of grain refinement to 1 μm on strength and toughness of dual-phase steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010; 527:7832–7840. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.062
20.
MirzadehHAlibeykiMNajafiM.Unraveling the initial microstructure effects on mechanical properties and work-hardening capacity of dual-phase steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017; 48:4565–4573. doi: 10.1007/s11661-017-4246-z
21.
ShuklaNDasSMajiSEffect of pre-intercritical annealing treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.33% carbon dual-phase steel. J Mater Eng Perform. 2015; 24:4958–4965. doi: 10.1007/s11665-015-1750-4
22.
DasDChattopadhyayPP.Influence of martensite morphology on the work-hardening behavior of high strength ferrite–martensite dual-phase steel. J Mater Sci. 2009; 44:2957–2965. doi: 10.1007/s10853-009-3392-0
23.
GhaemifarSMirzadehH.Enhanced mechanical properties of dual-phase steel by repetitive intercritical annealing. Can Metall Q. 2017; 56:459–463. doi: 10.1080/00084433.2017.1361223
24.
GhaemifarSMirzadehH.Refinement of banded structure via thermal cycling and its effects on mechanical properties of dual phase steel. Steel Res Int. 201889:1700531.
25.
AshrafiHShamanianMEmadiRA novel and simple technique for development of dual phase steels with excellent ductility. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017; 680:197–202. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.098
26.
MaJLuQSunLTwo-step intercritical annealing to eliminate Lüders band in a strong and ductile medium Mn steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2018; 49:4404–4408. doi: 10.1007/s11661-018-4791-0
27.
XieZJHanGZhouWHA novel multi-step intercritical heat treatment induces multi-phase microstructure with ultra-low yield ratio and high ductility in advanced high-strength steel. Scr Mater. 2018; 155:164–168. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.06.042
28.
Khebreh FarshchiYMirzadehHTavakoliMMicrostructure tailoring for property improvements of DP steel via cyclic intercritical annealing. Mater Res Express. 2019; 6:126513. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab541b
29.
PourbahariBMirzadehHEmamyMEnhanced ductility of a fine-grained Mg–Gd–Al–Zn magnesium alloy by hot extrusion. Adv Eng Mater. 2018; 20:1701171. doi: 10.1002/adem.201701171
30.
KheiriSMirzadehHNaghizadehM.Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel via cold rolling and reversion annealing. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 759:90–96. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.05.028
31.
SoleimaniMMirzadehHDehghanianC.Effects of tempering on the mechanical and corrosion properties of dual phase steel. Mater Today Communi. 2020; 22:100745. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100745
32.
NajafiMMirzadehHAlibeykiM.Toward unraveling the mechanisms responsible for the formation of ultrafine grained microstructure during tempering of cold rolled martensite. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016; 670:252–255. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.06.024
33.
NasiriZMirzadehH.Spheroidization heat treatment and intercritical annealing of low carbon steel. J Min Metal B. 2019; 55:405–411. doi: 10.2298/JMMB180813033N
34.
NasiriZGhaemifarSNaghizadehMThermal mechanisms of grain refinement in steels: a review. Met Mater Int. in press. doi:10.1007/s12540-020-00700-1.
35.
JameiFMirzadehHZamaniM.Synergistic effects of holding time at intercritical annealing temperature and initial microstructure on the mechanical properties of dual phase steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019; 750:125–131. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.02.052
36.
KalhorAMirzadehH.Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase steel based on the initial microstructure. Steel Res Int. 2017; 88:1600385. doi: 10.1002/srin.201600385
37.
NikkhahSMirzadehHZamaniM.Fine tuning the mechanical properties of dual phase steel via thermomechanical processing of cold rolling and intercritical annealing. Mater Chem Phys. 2019; 230:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.03.053
38.
PichlerATraintSArnoldnerGPhase transformation during annealing of a cold-rolled dual phase steel grade. 42nd Mechanical Working and Steel Processing Conference, Toronto; 2000 Oct.
39.
OkanPBilgehanÖ. Recrystallization, grain growth and austenite formation in cold rolled steels during intercritical annealing. J Mater Res Tech. 2020; 9:11263–11277. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.015
40.
SoleimaniMKalhorAMirzadehH.Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in advanced steels: a review. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020; 795:140023), doi:10.1016/j.msea.2020.140023.
41.
MalekiMMirzadehHZamaniM.Effect of intercritical annealing on mechanical properties and work-hardening response of high formability dual phase steel. Steel Res Int. 2018; 89:1700412. doi: 10.1002/srin.201700412
42.
AlibeykiMMirzadehHNajafiM.Fine-grained dual phase steel via intercritical annealing of cold-rolled martensite. Vacuum. 2018; 155:147–152. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.06.003
43.
SeyedrezaiHPilkeyAKBoydJD.Effects of martensite particle size and spatial distribution on work hardening behaviour of fine-grained dual-phase steel. Can Metall Q. 2018; 57:28–37. doi: 10.1080/00084433.2017.1403105
