Heat treatment, such as quenching and carburising, often involves volume change caused by phenomena such as thermal expansion, phase transformation, and carbide precipitation during tempering. During the tempering process, an external force induces additional plastic deformation. The authors termed this phenomenon ‘tempering plasticity’. In this study, we performed crystal plasticity analysis using fast Fourier transform considering the volume change in carbides to assess the mechanism of tempering plasticity. As a result, tempering plastic strain occurred as the volume fraction of carbide increased, and the tempering plastic phenomenon could be reproduced based on the transformation model proposed by Greenwood–Johnson. The result supports the idea that the volume change accompanied by carbide precipitation is an important mechanism that invokes tempering plasticity.
SpeichGRLeslieWC.Tempering of steel. Metall Trans. 1972; 3:1043–1054. doi: 10.1007/BF02642436
2.
The Japan Society for Heat Treatment. Netsu shori guide book – kisohenn (in Japanese). Taigashuppan. 1983;123–124.
3.
YamazakiYOkamuraKSuzukiT.High accurate prediction of residual stress considering plasticity during tempering process. J Soc Mater Sci. 2015; 64:266–273. doi: 10.2472/jsms.64.266
4.
GreenwoodGWJohnsonRH.The deformation of metals under small stresses during phase transformation. Proc R Soc Lond. 1965; 283A:403–422.
YamamotoKHayashiSMiwaYDynamic superplasticity during quenching and tempering under low applied stress in an eutectoid steel. J Jpn Soc Heat Treat. 1982; 22(6):327–333.
7.
NevilleEAndradeC.On the viscous flow in metals, and allied phenomena. Proc R Soc Lond. 1910; 84:1.
8.
JuDYInoueT.Residual stress and distortion of a ring in quenching-tempering process based on metallo-thermomechanics. Proc 2nd Int Conf Quenching Control Distortin. 1996; 1:249–257.
OtsukaTBrennerTBacroixB.FFT-based modelling of transformation plasticity in polycrystalline materials during diffusive phase transformation. Int J Eng Sci. 2018; 127:92–113. doi: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2018.02.008
11.
OtsukaTSataniDYamamotoKMicrostructure and heat treatment effect on transformation strain in steels: part 2 modelling. Mater Sci Technol. 2019; 35:187–194. doi: 10.1080/02670836.2018.1548111
12.
MoulinecHSuquetP.A numerical method for computing the overall response of nonlinear composites with complex microstructure. Comput Method Appl. 1998; 157:68–94.
EisenlohrPDiehlMLebensohnRAA spectral method solution to crystal elasto-viscoplasticity at finite strains. Int J Plast. 2013; 46:37–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.09.012
15.
YamazakiYOkamuraKShibutaniY.A study on mechanism of plasticity occurred during tempering process. Proc. 68th Ann. Meeting, JSMS; 2018; 307–308
16.
HutchinsonJW.Bounds and self-consistent estimates for creep of polycrystalline materials. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A. 1976; A348:101.
17.
PanJRiceJR.Rate sensitivity of plastic flow and implications for yield-surface vertices. Int J Solids Struct. 1983; 18:973. doi: 10.1016/0020-7683(83)90023-9
18.
PeirceDAsaroRJNeedlemanA.Material rate dependence and localized deformation in crystalline solids. Acta Metall. 1983; 31(12):1951. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(83)90014-7
19.
AsaroRJNeedlemanA.Texture development and strain hardening in rate dependent polycrystals. Acta Metall. 1985; 33(6):923. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(85)90188-9
20.
SherbyOWadsworthJLesuerDRevisiting the structure of martensite in iron-carbon steels. Mater Trans. 2008; 49(9):2016–2027. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.MRA2007338
21.
TerashimaTTomotaYIsakaMStrength and deformation behavior of bulky cementite synthesized by mechanical milling and plasma-sintering. Scr Mater. 2006; 54:1925–1929. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.02.011
22.
UmemotoMLiuZGMasuyamaKInfluence of alloy additions on production and properties of bulk cementite. Scr Mater. 2001; 45:391–397. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01016-8
23.
MiettinenJ.Calculation of solidification-related thermo physical properties for steels. Metall Mater Trans. 1997; 28B:281. doi: 10.1007/s11663-997-0095-2
24.
OkamuraK.Science of machine (in Japanese). Yokendo. 2019; 71(2):139–144.
25.
YamazakiYOkamuraKMakinoTFEM analysis method with phase transformation and tempering effect. Trans A JSME(in Japanese). 2008;
74(743):926–932.
