Casting alloys with long freezing ranges are extremely difficult to cast because of the length of the mushy zone. During solidification, the liquid metal needs to find its way through the dendritic structure. Tin bronzes have a long freezing range and therefore, are known to be hard to cast because of their propensity for interdendritic porosity. In this study, the intrinsic feeding ability of the tin bronze is calculated based on the intrinsic fracture pressure of liquid metals. Calculations have shown that feeding distances increase with longer solidification times and that the metal is capable of feeding itself over long distances. The differences between calculated and observed feeding distances can be attributed to entrainment defects in the solidifying metal.
CampbellJ.Complete casting handbook: metal casting processes, metallurgy, techniques and design. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2015.
2.
YousefianP, TiryakioğluM.Pore formation during solidification of aluminum: Reconciliation of Experimental Observations, Modeling Assumptions, and classical nucleation theory. Metall Mater Trans A. 2018;49(2):563–575. doi: 10.1007/s11661-017-4438-6
3.
CampbellJ.Origin of porosity in cast metals [PhD Thesis]. Birmingham: University of Birmingham; 1967.
4.
TiryakioğluM.On the intrinsic fracture pressure of liquid and solid aluminum Around Its melting temperature. Metall Mater Trans A. 2018;49(12):5953–5955. doi: 10.1007/s11661-018-4969-5
5.
BishopH, PelliniW.The contribution of risers and chill-edge effects to soundness of cast steel plates. AFS Trans. 1950;58:185–197.
6.
BishopH, MyskowskiE, PelliniW.Contribution of riser and casting end effects to the soundness of steel bars. AFS Trans. 1951;59:171.
7.
MyskowskiE, BishopH, PelliniW.Feeding range of joined sections. AFS Trans. 1953;61:302–308.
8.
PelliniWS.Factors which determine riser adequacy and feeding range. AFS Trans. 1953;61(67):61–80.
9.
TiryakioğluM.On intrinsic and extrinsic feeding distance calculations for aluminium alloys. Mater Sci Technol. 2019;35(6):738–741. doi: 10.1080/02670836.2019.1584423
10.
JacobS, DrouzyM.Study of feeding sand-cast aluminum alloys. In: 41st International Foundry Congress, Paper no. 6; 1974 June; Liege, Belgium. 1974.
11.
RuddleR.The solidification of castings. London: Institute of Metals; 1957.
12.
DavisJR.Copper. Materials Park ( OH, USA): ASM International; 2001.
13.
CampbellJ.Pore nucleation in solidifying metals. Proceedings of the Conference on the Solidication of Metals; Institute of Metals Publication: Brighton; 1968. p. 18–26.
14.
FisherJC.The fracture of liquids. J Appl Phys. 1948;19(11):1062–1067. doi: 10.1063/1.1698012
15.
ErziE, TiryakioğluM.On the fracture pressure of liquid metals. Mater Sci Technol. 2019;35(13):1656–1659. doi: 10.1080/02670836.2019.1646010
16.
DarcyHPG.Les Fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon. Exposition et application des principes à suivre et des formules à employer dans les questions de distribution d'eau, etc. 1856: V. Dalamont.
17.
CarmanPC.Fluid flow through granular beds. Trans Inst Chem Eng. 1937;15:150–166.
18.
TiryakioğluM.On the permeability of columnar dendritic networks in solidifying metals. Mater Sci Technol. 2019;35(5):632–636. doi: 10.1080/02670836.2019.1577523
19.
CampanellaT, CharbonC, RappazM.Grain refinement induced by electromagnetic stirring: a dendrite fragmentation criterion. Metall Mater Trans A. 2004;35(10):3201–3210. doi: 10.1007/s11661-004-0064-1
20.
LudwigA, WuM, KuhnA, About the formation of macrosegregations during continuous casting of Sn-bronze. Fluid Dyn Mater Process. 2005;1(4):285–300.
21.
PlevachukY, SklyarchukV, YakymovychA, Density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of hypoeutectic Al-Cu liquid alloys. Metall Mater Trans A. 2008;39(12):3040–3045. doi: 10.1007/s11661-008-9659-2
VeazeySD, RoeWC.Review: density measurements in liquid metals and liquid binary alloy systems – a survey. J Mater Sci. 1972;7(4):445–466. doi: 10.1007/BF02403409
26.
CampanellaT, CharbonC, RappazM.Grain refinement induced by electromagnetic stirring: A dendrite fragmentation criterion. Metall Mater Trans A. 2004;35A(10):3201–3210. doi: 10.1007/s11661-004-0064-1
27.
ChhabraRP, ShethDK.Viscosity of molten metals and its temperature-dependence. Z Metkd. 1990;81(4):264–271.
28.
TanM, XiufangB, XianyingX, Correlation between viscosity of molten Cu-Sn alloys and phase diagram. Phys B. 2007;387(1-2):1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2005.10.140
29.
MartoranoMA, CapocchiJDT.Dendrite structure control in directionally solidified bronze castings. Int J Cast Met Res. 2000;13(1):49–57. doi: 10.1080/13640461.2000.11819387
30.
KumotoEA, AlhadeffRO, MartoranoMA.Microsegregation and dendrite arm coarsening in tin bronze. Mater Sci Technol. 2002;18(9):1001–1006. doi: 10.1179/026708302225005882
31.
BouchardD, KirkaldyJS.Prediction of dendrite arm spacings in unsteady-and steady-state heat flow of unidirectionally solidified binary alloys. Metall Mater Trans B. 1997;28(4):651–663. doi: 10.1007/s11663-997-0039-x
32.
FeurerU, WunderlinR.Einfuss der Zusammensetzung un der erstarrung bedigungen auf die Dendriteenmorpholgie binärer Al-Legierungen. 1977, Fachbericht Der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Metallkunde, Oberursel, FRG.
33.
FlemingsM, KattamisT, BardesB.Dendrite arm spacing in aluminum alloys. AFS Trans. 1991;99:501–506.
34.
KirkwoodD.A simple model for dendrite arm coarsening during solidification. Mater Sci Eng. 1985;73:L1–L4. doi: 10.1016/0025-5416(85)90319-2
35.
CampbellJ.Entrainment defects. Mater Sci Technol. 2006;22(2):127–145. doi: 10.1179/174328406X74248
