This paper presents investigations to create a structural supercapacitor with activated carbon fabric electrodes and a solid composite electrolyte, consisting of organic liquid electrolyte 1 M TEABF4 in propylene carbonate and an epoxy matrix where different compositions were considered of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 w/w epoxy:liquid electrolyte. Vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding was used for the impregnation of the electrolyte mixture into the electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) assembly. The best electrochemical performance was exhibited by the 1:2 w/w epoxy: liquid electrolyte ratio, with a cell equivalent-in-series resistance of 160 Ω cm2 and a maximum electrode-specific capacitance of 101.6 mF g−1 while the flexural modulus and strength were 0.3 GPa and 29.1 MPa, respectively, indicating a solid EDLC device.
BaderMG, LekakouC.Processing for laminates structures. In: MallickPK, editor. Composites engineering handbook. New York ( NY): Marcel Dekker; 1997. p. 371–468.
2.
MallS.Laminated polymer matrix composites. In: MallickPK, editor. Composites Engineering Handbook. New York ( NY): Marcel Dekker; 1997. p. 811–890.
3.
AstromBT.Manufacturing of polymer composites. London, UK: Chapman & Hall; 1997; p. 161–177.
4.
van VoordenAM, Ramirez ElizondoLM, PaapGC, The application of super capacitors to relieve battery-storage systems in autonomous renewable energy systems. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Lausanne Power Tech; 2007 July 1-5; Lausanne, Switzerland. IEEE; 2018; 290: p. 1–6.
5.
PörhönenJ, RajalaS, LehtimäkiSS, Flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit with printable supercapacitor and diodes. IEEE Trans Electron Devices. 2014;61:3303–3308. (Née Kärki). doi: 10.1109/TED.2014.2341713
6.
ShumbayawondaE, SalifuAA, LekakouC, Numerical and experimental simulations of the wireless energy transmission and harvesting by a camera pill. ASME Trans - J Med Devices. 2018;12:021002-1–021002-9. doi: 10.1115/1.4039390
7.
FieldsR, LeiC, MarkoulidisF, The composite supercapacitor. Energy Technol. 2016;4:517–525. doi: 10.1002/ente.201500328
8.
SantucciA, SorniottiA, LekakouC.Power split strategies for hybrid energy storage systems for vehicular applications. J Power Sources. 2014;258:395–407. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.118
9.
LibichJ, MácaJ, VondrákJ, Supercapacitors: properties and applications. J Energy Storage. 2018;17:224–227. doi: 10.1016/j.est.2018.03.012
10.
WangF, WuX, YuanX, Latest advances in supercapacitors: from new electrode materials to novel device designs. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46:6816–6854. doi: 10.1039/C7CS00205J
11.
ChenX, PaulR, DaiL.Carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage. Natl Sci Rev. 2017;4:453–489. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwx009
12.
EftekhariA.The mechanism of ultrafast supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A. 2018;6:2866–2876. doi: 10.1039/C7TA10013B
MarkoulidisF, LeiC, LekakouC.Investigations of activated carbon fabric-based supercapacitors with different interlayers via experiments and modelling of electrochemical processes of different timescales. Electrochim Acta. 2017;249:122–134. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.182
15.
ZhongC, DengY, HuW, A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44:7484–7539. doi: 10.1039/C5CS00303B
16.
BéguinF, PresserV, BalducciA, Carbons and electrolytes for advanced supercapacitors. Adv Mater. 2014;26:2219–2251. doi: 10.1002/adma.201304137
17.
UddinM-J, ChoS-J.Reassessing the bulk ionic conductivity of solid state electrolytes. Sustainable Energy Fuels. 2018;2:1458–1462. doi: 10.1039/C8SE00139A
18.
LekakouC, MoudamO, MarkoulidisF, Carbon-based fibrous EDLC capacitors and supercapacitors. J Nanotechnol. 2011; doi:Article number 409382. 10.1155/2011/409382C.
AmicoS, LekakouC.Flow through a two-scale porosity, oriented fibre porous medium. Transp Porous Media. 2004;54:35–53. doi: 10.1023/A:1025799404038
27.
AmicoSC, LekakouC.Axial impregnation of a fibre bundle. Part 2. Theoretical analysis. Polym Compos. 2002;23:264–273. doi: 10.1002/pc.10430
28.
LekakouC, EdwardsS, BellG, Computer modelling for the prediction of the in-plane permeability of non-crimp stitch bonded fabrics. Composites A: Appl Sci Manufacturing. 2006;37:820–825. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.04.002
29.
YoonM-K, BaidooJ, GillespieJWJr, Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process incorporating gravitational effects: a closed-form solution. J Compos Mater. 2005;39:2227–2242. doi: 10.1177/0021998305053510
30.
ASTM D790 – 17. Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, PA; ASTM International; 2017; doi:10.1520/D0790-17.
31.
GalhenaDTL, BayerBC, HofmannS, Understanding capacitance variation in sub-nanometer pores by in-situ tuning of interlayer constrictions. ACS Nano. 2016;10:747–754. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05819
32.
HuangJ, SumpterBG, MeunierV.A universal model for nanoporous carbon supercapacitors applicable to diverse pore regimes, carbon materials, and electrolytes. Chem Eur J. 2008;14:6614–6626. doi: 10.1002/chem.200800639
33.
MarkoulidisF, LeiC, LekakouC, A method to increase the energy density of supercapacitor cells by the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes into activated carbon electrodes. Carbon N Y. 2014;68:58–66. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.040
34.
MarkoulidisF, LeiC, LekakouC.Fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors based on transversely oriented carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Processing. 2013;111:227–236. doi: 10.1007/s00339-012-7471-8
LeiL, AminiN, MarkoulidisF, Activated carbon from phenolic resin with controlled mesoporosity for an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC). J Mater Chem A. 2013;1:6037–6042. doi: 10.1039/C3TA01638B
37.
KampourisEM, PapaspyridesCD, LekakouCN.A model process for the solvent recycling of polystyrene. Polymer Eng Sci. 1988;28(8):534–537. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1548-2634 doi: 10.1002/pen.760280808
LekakouCN, RichardsonSM.Simulation of reacting flow during filling in reaction injection molding (RIM). Polymer Eng Sci. 1986;26(18):1264–1275. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1548-2634
