The effect of pre-strain on tensile behaviour of 316L austenitic stainless steel was investigated, focusing on strain rate sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and strain hardening. Experimental data showed that strain rate sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and strain hardening were weakening with pre-strain. Meanwhile, the variation of microstructure with pre-strain was observed by optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then, the mechanical properties of pre-strained material were correlated with the increase in dislocation density and mechanical twinning with pre-strain. Finally, an improved Arrhenius-PS model considering the effect of pre-strain was developed.
This paper is part of a thematic issue on Nuclear Materials.
JiH, ParkIJ, LeeSM, The effect of pre-strain on hydrogen embrittlement in 310S stainless steel. J Alloy Compd. 2014;598(3):205–212. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.02.038
2.
XuLY, ChengYF.Corrosion of X100 pipeline steel under plastic strain in a neutral pH bicarbonate solution. Corros Sci. 2012;64:145–152. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.012
3.
MukhopadhyayG, BhattacharyaS, RayKK.Effect of pre-strain on the strength of spot-welds. Mater Des. 2009;30(7):2345–2354. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.006
4.
LeeW.S, LinC.F.Effects of prestrain and strain rate on dynamic deformation characteristics of 304L stainless steel: part 2 – microstructural study. Mater Sci Technol. 2002;18(8):877–884. doi: 10.1179/026708302225004720
5.
PengY, GongJ, JiangY, The effect of plastic pre-strain on low-temperature surface carburization of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2016;304:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.05.047
6.
ShastryCG, MathewMD, RaoKBS, Tensile deformation behavior of AISI 316L(N) SS. Mater Sci Technol. 2007;23(10):1215–1222. doi: 10.1179/174328407X226581
7.
LiD, GhoshA.Tensile deformation behavior of aluminum alloys at warm forming temperatures. Mat Sci Eng A. 2003;352(1–2):279–286. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00915-2
8.
ChoiM, HouJ, MáthisK, Tensile behavior of hydrogen-charged 316L stainless steel at elevated temperatures. Mat Sci Eng A. 2014;595(5):165–172. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.12.011
9.
LeeWS, YehGW.The plastic deformation behavior of AISI 4340 alloy steel subjected to high temperature and high strain rate loading conditions. J Mater Process Technol. 1997;71(2):224–234. doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(97)00079-4
10.
KumarM.V, BalasubramanianV, RaoAG.Hot tensile properties and strain hardening behavior of super 304HCu stainless steel. J Mate Res Technol. 2017;6(2):116–122. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2016.05.004
11.
LiuF, DanW.J, ZhangW.G.Strain hardening model of TWIP steels with manganese content. Mat Sci Eng A. 2016;674:178–185. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.115
12.
LinYC, ChenMS, ZhangJ.Modeling of flow stress of 42CrMo steel under hot compression. Mat Sci Eng A, 2009, 499(1–2):88–92. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.119
13.
ZhongJ, XiaoYH, GuoC.Constitutive modelling for high temperature behaviour of 12CrNiMoWV martensitic stainless steel. Mater Sci Technol. 2012;28(6):719–726. doi: 10.1179/1743284711Y.0000000129
14.
JohnsonGR, CookWH.A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics. The Hague: International Ballistics Committee; 1983 (21), p. 541–547.
15.
LinYC, ChenXM, LiuG.A modified Johnson–Cook model for tensile behaviors of typical high-strength alloy steel. Mat Sci Eng A. 2010;527(26):6980–6986. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.061
16.
ZerilliFJ, ArmstrongRW.Dislocation-mechanics-based constitutive relations for material dynamics calculations. J Appl Phys. 1987;61(5):1816–1825. doi: 10.1063/1.338024
17.
ZhangH, WenW, CuiH, A modified Zerilli–Armstrong model for alloy IC10 over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Mat Sci Eng A. 2009;527(1–2):328–333. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.08.008
18.
ZhouM, LinYC, DengJ, Hot tensile deformation behaviors and constitutive model of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. Mater Des. 2014;59(6):141–150. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.052
19.
LinYC, ChenXM.A critical review of experimental results and constitutive descriptions for metals and alloys in hot working. Mater Des. 2011;32(4):1733–1759. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.048
20.
HeA, ChenL, HuS, Constitutive analysis to predict high temperature flow stress in 20CrMo continuous casting billet. Mater Des. 2013;46(4):54–60. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.09.049
21.
HeA, XieG, ZhangH, A comparative study on Johnson–Cook, modified Johnson–Cook and Arrhenius- type constitutive models to predict the high temperature flow stress in 20CrMo alloy steel. Mater Des. 2013;52(24):677–685. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.010
22.
LiuCY, ZhangRJ, YanYN.Hot deformation behavior and constitutive modelling of P92 heat resistant steel. Mater Sci Technol. 2011;27(8):1281–1286. doi: 10.1179/026708310X12683158443323
23.
LuanJ, SunC, LiX, Constitutive model for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on isothermal compression test. Mater Sci Technol, 2014, 30(2):211–219. doi: 10.1179/1743284713Y.0000000341
24.
AcarM, GungorS, BouchardPJ, Effect of prior cold work on the mechanical properties of weldments [M]. Exp Appl Mech. 2011;6: 817–826.
25.
AuzouxQ, AllaisL, CaësC, Effect of pre-strain on creep of three AISI 316 austenitic stainless steels in relation to reheat cracking of weld-affected zones. J Nucl Mater. 2010;400(2):127–137. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.02.021
26.
ASTM E8M-04. Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials.
27.
HuangZ, MiuCJ, LiT, Experimental study on tensile mechanical properties of pre-stretching austenitic stainless steel at room temperature. Press Vess Technol. 2013;6: 7–11.
28.
JonasJJ, SellarsCM, TegartWJM.Strength and structure under hot-working conditions. Int Mater Rev. 1969;14(1):1–24. doi: 10.1179/095066069790138056
29.
HongSG, LeeSB.The tensile and low-cycle fatigue behavior of cold worked 316L stainless steel: influence of dynamic strain aging. Int J Fatigue. 2004;26(8):899–910. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2003.12.002
30.
SinghKK.Strain hardening behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel. Mater Sci Technol. 2004;20(9):1134–1142. doi: 10.1179/026708304225022089
31.
EskandariM, NajafizadehA, KermanpurA.Effect of strain-induced martensite on the formation of nanocrystalline 316L stainless steel after cold rolling and annealing. Mat Sci Eng A. 2009;519(1–2):46–50. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.04.038
32.
ShenYF, LiXX, SunX, Twinning and martensite in a 304 austenitic stainless steel. Mat Sci Eng A. 2012;552(34):514–522. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.05.080
33.
AtkinsE.Elements of X-ray diffraction. Phys Today. 1978;10(3):50–50.
34.
DeAK, MurdockDC, MatayaMC, Quantitative measurement of deformation-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel by X-ray diffraction. Scr Mater. 2004;50(12):1445–1449. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.03.011
35.
WilliamsonGK, HallWH.X-ray line broadening from filed aluminium and wolfram. Acta Metall. 1953;1: 22–31. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(53)90006-6
36.
ShintaniT, MurataY.Evaluation of the dislocation density and dislocation character in cold rolled Type 304 steel determined by profile analysis of X-ray diffraction. Acta Mater. 2011;59(11):4314–4322. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.055
37.
DiniG, UejiR, NajafizadehA, Flow stress analysis of TWIP steel via the XRD measurement of dislocation density. Mat Sci Eng A. 2010;527(10–11):2759–2763. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.01.033
38.
CurtzeS, KuokkalaVT.Dependence of tensile deformation behavior of TWIP steels on stacking fault energy, temperature and strain rate. Acta Mater. 2010;58(15):5129–5141. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.049
39.
YooJD, ParkKT.Microband-induced plasticity in a high Mn–Al–C light steel. Mat Sci Eng A. 2008;496(1/2):417–424. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.05.042
40.
MandalS, RakeshV, SivaprasadPV, et al. Constitutive equations to predict high temperature flow stress in a Ti-modified austenitic stainless steel. Mat Sci Eng A. 2009;500(1–2):114–121. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.019
41.
ZenerC, HollomonJH.Effect of strain rate upon plastic flow of steel. J Appl Phys. 1944;15(1):22–32. doi: 10.1063/1.1707363
42.
PengJ, ZhouC.Y, DaiQ, An improved constitutive description of tensile behavior for CP-Ti at ambient and intermediate temperatures. Mater Des. 2013;50:968–976. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.003
43.
LiHY, LiYH, WangXF, A comparative study on modified Johnson Cook, modified Zerilli–Armstrong and Arrhenius-type constitutive models to predict the hot deformation behavior in 28CrMnMoV steel. Mater Des. 2013;49(8):493–501. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.083
44.
LiM, ChengS, XiongA, Acquiring a novel constitutive equation of a TC6 alloy at high-temperature deformation. J Mater Eng Perform. 2005;14(2):263–266. doi: 10.1361/10599490523364
45.
RokniMR, Zarei-HanzakiA, RoostaeiAA, Constitutive base analysis of a 7075 aluminum alloy during hot compression testing. Mater Des. 2011;32(10):4955–4960. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.05.040
