In this research, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–1.8Ni–0.5Mo–2Cu–0.45C powder metallurgy (PM) steels with 0–0.3% vanadium were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transverse rupture, hardness and tribological tests. It is revealed that the volume fraction of polygonal ferrite in the sintered PM steels increased with the increasing of V addition, and more fine V(C,N) particles were formed during the sintering process. The enhancement of transverse rupture strength of the sintered and heat-treated PM steels with V addition was due to the grain refinement and precipitation strengthening effect. The friction coefficient the heat-treated steels decreased with an increase in V addition, whereas the wear loss increased.
NarasimhanKS.Sintering of powder mixtures and the growth of ferrous powder metallurgy. Macromol Chem Phys. 2001;67(1):56–65.
2.
DanningerH, Gierl-MayerC.Advances in powder metallurgy. 1st ed. London: Woodhead; 2003. Chapter 7, Advanced powder metallurgy steel alloys; p. 149–201.
3.
LiuZL, LiuXQ, JiangXD, Investigation on the Fe-based PM materials reinforced by in situ synthesized TiC particulates. Part Sci Technol. 2017;35:653–659. doi: 10.1080/02726351.2016.1192573
4.
ShanmugamS, TanniruM, MisraRDK, Precipitation in V bearing microalloyed steel containing low concentrations of Ti and Nb. Mater Sci Technol. 2005;21(8):883–892. doi: 10.1179/174328405X47564
5.
ErdenMA, GündüzS, TürkmenM, Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of microalloyed powder metallurgy steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014;616(3):201–206. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.08.026
6.
ChenMY, YenHW, YangJR.The transition from interphase-precipitated carbides to fibrous carbides in a vanadium-containing medium-carbon steel. Scr Mater. 2013;68(11):829–832. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.01.020
7.
DunlopGL, CarlssonCJ, FrimodigG.Precipitation of VC in ferrite and pearlite during direct transformation of a medium carbon microalloyed steel. Metall Trans A. 1978;9(2):261–266. doi: 10.1007/BF02646709
8.
MiyamotoG, HoriR, PoorganjiB, Interphase precipitation of VC and resultant hardening in V-added medium carbon steels. ISIJ Int. 2011;51(10):1733–1739. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.1733
9.
CochraneRC.6 – Phase transformations in microalloyed high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. Phase Transformations in Steels: Diffusionless Transformations, High Strength Steels, Modelling and Advanced Analytical Techniques. 2012;66(5):153–212.
10.
ShanmugamS, TanniruM, MisraRDK, Microalloyed V–Nb–Ti and V steels part 2 – precipitation behaviour during processing of structural beams. Mater Sci Technol. 2005;21(2):165–177. doi: 10.1179/174328405X18656
11.
SchadeC, MurphyT, LawleyA, Microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed PM steels. Int J Powder Metall. 2012;48(3):1–4.
12.
BakerTN.Processes, microstructure and properties of vanadium microalloyed steels. Mater Sci Technol. 2014;25(9):1083–1107. doi: 10.1179/174328409X453253
13.
SchadeC, MurphyT, LawleyA, Microstructure and mechanical properties of PM steels alloyed with silicon and vanadium. Int J Powder Metall. 2012;48(6):41–48.
14.
ImYR, OhYJ, LeeBJ, Effects of carbide precipitation on the strength and Charpy impact properties of low carbon Mn–Ni–Mo bainitic steels. J Nucl Mater. 2001;297(2):138–148. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00610-9
15.
KongJ, XieC.Effect of molybdenum on continuous cooling bainite transformation of low-carbon microalloyed steel. Mater Des. 2006;27(10):1169–1173. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.02.006
16.
AndrésCGD, CapdevilaC, CaballeroFG, Effect of molybdenum on continuous cooling transformations in two medium carbon forging steels. J Mater Sci. 2001;36(3):565–571. doi: 10.1023/A:1004895715744
17.
SrijampanW, WiengmoonA, MorakotjindaM, Microstructure and mechanical property of sintered Fe-Cr-Mo steels due to phase transformations with fast cooling rates. Mater Des. 2015;88:693–701. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.030
18.
QiaoZX, LiuC, YuLM, Formation mechanism of granular bainite in a 30CrNi3MoV steel. J Alloys Compd. 2012;475(1):560–564.
19.
FadelA, GliŝićD, RadovićN, Influence of Cr, Mn and Mo addition on structure and properties of V microalloyed medium carbon steels. J Mater Sci Technol. 2012;28(11):1053–1058. doi: 10.1016/S1005-0302(12)60172-8
20.
ClaytonP, JinN.Unlubricated sliding and rolling/slid-ing wear behavior of continuously cooled, low/medium carbon bainitic steels. Wear. 1996;200(1-2):74–82. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07249-3
21.
YangTG, WangYS, ChengFJ.In situ synthesizing of Fe-V (C, N) composite. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium. 2007;28(1):26–28.
22.
ZhangSP.Synthesis of VN-reinforced iron-based composite. Adv Mater Res. 2012;557-559:240–243. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.557-559.240
23.
ShiJ, WangY, DingY, Sintering of V (C, N) particulates reinforced iron matrix composite produced by nitriding reaction. Hot Work Technol. 2006;35(2):27–30.
24.
ErdenMA.The effect of the sintering temperature and addition of niobium and vanadium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed PM steels. Metals. 2017;7(9):329. doi: 10.3390/met7090329
25.
IshikawaF, TakahashiT, OchiT.Intragranular ferrite nucleation in medium-carbon vanadium steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 1994;25(5):929–936. doi: 10.1007/BF02652268
26.
OllilainenV, KasprzakW, HolappaL.The effect of silicon, vanadium and nitrogen on the microstructure and hardness of air cooled medium carbon low alloy steels. J Mater Process Technol. 2003;134(3):405–412. doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(02)01131-7
27.
UpadhyayaRGS.Effect of copper and VCN additions on sintering of low alloy steel. Mater Des. 2001;22(5):359–367. doi: 10.1016/S0261-3069(00)00104-7
28.
ZhouSS, LiuXQ, LiuZL, Dynamic recrystallization behavior of vanadium microalloyed cryogenic fine grain structural steel pipe at high strain rate. High Temp Mater Proc. 2017;36(10):1001–1010. doi: 10.1515/htmp-2016-0063
29.
CeschiniL, MarconiA, MartiniC, Tensile and impact behaviour of a microalloyed medium carbon steel: effect of the cooling condition and corresponding microstructure. Mater Des. 2013;45:171–178. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.063
30.
SkobloTS, SapozhkovVE, LevchenkoNF, Effect of initial-carbide morphology on the structure and properties of high-strength rail steels after quenching from induction heating. Met Sci Heat Treat. 1989;31(5):325–330. doi: 10.1007/BF00801654
31.
RamalhoA, MirandaJC.The relationship between wear and dissipated energy in sliding systems. Wear. 2006;260(4):361–367. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.121
