Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided bainitic ferrite steels developed for automotive applications have attractive mechanical properties such as ductility, formability, toughness, fatigue strength and delayed fracture strength. These mechanical properties are principally associated with a ductile lath-structure matrix and the strain-induced transformation of the metastable-retained austenite films of 3–20 vol.%. In this paper, data on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the low-carbon TRIP-aided bainitic ferrite steels are critically assessed, as well as their deformation mechanism.
CaballeroFG, BhadeshiaHKDH, MawellaKJA, et al. Very strong low temperature bainite. Mater Sci Technol. 2002;18:279–284. doi: 10.1179/026708301225000725
2.
BhadeshiaHKDH.Nanostructured bainite. Proc R Soc A. 2010;466:3–18. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2009.0407
3.
SugimotoK, TsunezawaM, HojoT, et al. Ductility of 0.1–0.6C–1.5Si–1.5Mn ultra high-strength low-alloy TRIP-aided sheet steels with bainitic ferrite matrix. ISIJ Int. 2004;44:1608–1614. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.44.1608
4.
SpeerJG, EdmondsDV, RizzoFC, et al. Partitioning of carbon from supersaturated plates of ferrite, with application to steel processing and fundamentals of the bainite transformation. Curr Opin Solid St Mater Sci. 2004;8:219–237. doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2004.09.003
5.
De MoorE, SpeerJG.Bainitic and quenching and partitioning steels. In: RanaR, SinghSB, editor. Automotive steels. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.; 2017. p. 289–316.
6.
SugimotoK, SrivastavaAK.Microstructure and mechanical properties of a TRIP-aided martensitic steel. Metallogr Microstruct Anal. 2015;4:344–354. doi: 10.1007/s13632-015-0221-5
7.
FurukawaT.Dependence of strength-ductility characteristics on thermal history in low carbon, 5 wt-%Mn steels. Mater Sci Technol. 1989;5:465–470. doi: 10.1179/mst.1989.5.5.465
8.
RaabeD, PongeD, DmitrievaO, et al. Nanoprecipitate-hardened 1.5 GP steels with unexpected high ductility. Scripta Mater. 2009;60:1141–1144. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.02.062
9.
SugimotoK, IidaT, SakaguchiJ, et al. Retained austenite characteristics and tensile properties in TRIP type bainitic sheet steels. ISIJ Int. 2000;40:902–908. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.40.902
10.
SugimotoK, SakaguchiJ, IidaT, et al. Stretch-flangeability of TRIP type bainitic sheet steels. ISIH Int.2000;40:920–926. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.40.920
11.
HausmannK, KrizanD, Spiradek-HahnK, et al. The influence of Nb on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of TRIP-assisted bainitic-ferrite sheet steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;588:142–150. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.08.023
12.
SugimotoK, MurataM, MuramatsuT, et al. Formability of C–Si–Mn–Al–Nb–Mo ultra high-strength TRIP-aided steels. ISIJ Int. 2007;47:1357–1362. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.47.1357
13.
Navarro-LopezA, HidalgoJ, SietsmaJ, et al. Characterization of bainitic/martensitic structures formed in isothermal treatments below the MS temperature. Mater. Charact., to be published. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2017.04.007.
14.
SpeerJG, De MoorE, FindleyKO, et al. Analysis of microstructure evolution in quenching and partitioning automotive sheet steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2011;42:3591–3601. doi: 10.1007/s11661-011-0869-7
15.
KoistinenDP, MarburgerRE.A general equation prescribing the extent of the austenite-martensite transformation in pure iron-carbon alloys and plain carbon steels. Acta Metall. 1959;7:59–60. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(59)90170-1
16.
WangC, ZhangY, CaoW, et al. Austenite/martensite structure and corresponding ultrahigh strength and high ductility of steels processed by Q&P techniques. Technol Sci. 2012;55:1844–1851.
17.
SantofimiaMJ, PetrovRH, ZhaoL, et al. Microstructure analysis of martensite constituents in quenching and partitioning steels. Mater Charact. 2014;92:91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2014.03.003
18.
PodderAS, BhadeshiaHKDH.Thermal stability of austenite retained in bainitic steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527:2121–2128. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.063
19.
SugimotoK, SatoS, AraiG.Hot forging of ultra high-strength TRIP-aided steel. Mater Sci Forum. 2010;638–642:3074–3079. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.3074
20.
SugimotoK, KobayashiJ, AraiG, et al. Development of low alloy TRIP-aided steel for hot-forging parts with excellent toughness. Steel Res Int (Special Edition; Metal Forming 2010). 2010;81:254–257.
21.
SugimotoK, NakanoK, SongS, et al. Retained austenite characteristics and stretch-flangeability of high-strength low-alloy TRIP type bainitic sheet steels. ISIJ Int. 2002;42:450–455. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.42.450
22.
ZhouQ, QianL, TanJ, et al. Inconsistent effects of mechanical stability of retained austenite on ductility and toughness of transformation-induced plasticity steels. Mater Sci Eng. 2013;578:370–376. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.04.096
23.
SugimotoK, TaninoH, KobayashiJ.Impact toughness of medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity-aided steels. Steel Res Int. 2015;86:1151–1160. doi: 10.1002/srin.201400585
24.
KobayashiJ, InaD, YoshikawaN, et al. Effects of alloying elements on microstructure and retained austenite characteristics of ultra high-strength TRIP-aided bainitic ferrite steels. ISIJ Int. 2012;52:1894–1901. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.1894
BabuBNP, BhatMS, ParkerER, et al. A rapid magnetometric technique to plot isothermal transformation diagrams. Metall Trans A. 1976;7:17–22. doi: 10.1007/BF02644034
27.
DysonDJ, HolmesB.Effect of alloying additions on the lattice parameter of austenite. J Iron Steel Inst. 1970;208:469–474.
28.
SeoEJ, ChoL, EstrinY, et al. Microstructure-mechanical properties relationships for quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processed steel. Acta Mater. 2016;113:124–139. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.048
29.
SherifMY, MateoCG, SourmailT, et al. Stability of retained austenite in TRIP-assisted steels. Mater Sci Technol. 2004;20:319–322. doi: 10.1179/026708304225011180
30.
SakakiT, SugimotoK, FukuzatoT.Role of internal stress for continuous yielding of dual-phase steels. Acta Metall. 1983;31:1737–1746. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(83)90172-4
31.
EshelbyJD.The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems. Proc R Soc. 1957;A241:376–396. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1957.0133
32.
TanakaK, MoriT.The hardening of crystals by non-deforming particles and fibres. Acta Metall. 1970;18:931–941. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(70)90020-9
33.
TomotaY, KurokiK, MoriT, et al. Tensile deformation of two-ductile-phase alloys: flow curves of α-γ Fe–Cr–Ni alloys. Mater Sci Eng. 1976;24:85–94. doi: 10.1016/0025-5416(76)90097-5
34.
SugimotoK, KobayashiM, InoueK, et al. Fatigue-hardening behavior of TRIP-aided bainitic steels. Tetsu-to-Hagane. 1999;85:856–862. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.85.11_856
35.
ZhouQ, QianL, MengJ, et al. Low-cycle fatigue behavior and microstructural evolution in a low-carbon carbide-free bainitic steel. Mater Des. 2015;85:487–498. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.172
36.
MoorE.De, SpeerJG, MatlockDK, et al. Effect of carbon and manganese on the quenching and partitioning response of CMnSi steels. ISIJ Int. 2011;51:137–144. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.137
37.
ZhouS, ZhangK, WangY, et al. High strength-elongation product of Nb-microalloyed low-carbon steel by novel quenching-partitioning-tempering process. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:8006–8012. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.07.008
38.
FanD, FonsteinN, JunH.Effect of microstructure on tensile properties and cut-edge formability of DP, TRIP, Q&T and Q&P steels. AIST Trans. 2016;13:180–185.
EmadoddinE, AsmariH, ZadehAH.Formability evaluation of TRIP-aided steel sheets with different microstructure: polygonal ferrite and bainitic ferrite matrix. Int J Mater Form. 2009;2(1):781–784. doi: 10.1007/s12289-009-0455-3
41.
SugimotoK, TaninoH, KobayashiJ.Stretch-flangeability of 0.2%C–1.5%Si–1.5–5%Mn TRIP-aided martensitic steels. Proc Mater Sci Technol. 2014 (MS&T 2014), USA: Warrendale, PA; 2014. p. 281–290.
42.
MoorE.De, SpeerJG, MatlockDK, et al. Quenching and partitioning of CMnSi steels containing elevated manganese levels. Steel Res. 2012;83:322–327. doi: 10.1002/srin.201100318
43.
SugimotoK.Fracture strength and toughness of ultrahigh strength TRIP-aided steels. Mater Sci Technol.2009;25:1108–1117. doi: 10.1179/174328409X453307
44.
SomaniMC, PorterDA, KarjalainenLP, et al. Process design for tough ductile martensitic steels through direct quenching and partitioning. Mater Today: Proc. 2015;2(3):S631–S634. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.363
45.
WuR, LiW, ZhouS, et al. Effect of retained austenite on the fracture toughness of quenching and partitioning (Q&P)-treated sheet steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45A:1892–1902. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-2113-0
46.
SuikkanennPP, RistolaA-J, HirviAM, et al. Effects of carbon content and cooling path on the microstructure and properties of TRIP-aided ultra-high strength steels. ISIJ Int. 2013;53:337–346. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.53.337
47.
de Diego-CalderonI, RodriguezP, LaraA, et al. Effect of microstructure on fatigue behavior of advanced high strength steels produced by quenching and partitioning and the role of retained austenite. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;641:215–224. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.06.034
48.
GuJL, ChangKD, FangHS, et al. Delayed fracture properties of 1500 MPa bainite/martensite dual-phase high strength steel and its hydrogen traps. ISIJ Int. 2002;42:1560–1564. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.42.1560
RaedtH, WilkeF, ErnstC.Lightweight forging initiation, in steels in cars and trucks 2014 (SCT 2014), steel inst. VDEh, German: Dusseldorf; 2014. p. 572–581.
55.
BleckW, PrahlU, HirtG, et al. Designing new forging steels by ICMPE, advanced in production technology. In: BrecherC. editor, Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland; 2015. p. 85–98.
56.
NatoriM, MizunoY, SongS, et al. Effects of fine particle peening on fatigue strength of TRIP-aided bainitic ferrite steel. J Soc Mater Sci Jpn. 2015;64:620–627. doi: 10.2472/jsms.64.620
57.
SugimotoK, MizunoY, NatoriM.Effects of fine particle peening on fatigue strength of a TRIP-aided martensitic steel. Int J Fatigue. 2017;100:206–214. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.03.022
58.
SugimotoK, HojoT, MizunoY.Effects of fine particle peening on the rotational bending fatigue strength of a vacuum-carburized transformation-induced plasticity-aided martensitic steel. Int. J. Fatigue, 2017, to submitted.
