Contribution of deformation-induced martensite to fracture appearance of austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

Fracture surface commonly carries the evidence of high-energy (ductile/tough) and low-energy (brittle) regions involved in fracture history, the macroscopic appearance of a fracture surface has often been utilised to qualitatively evaluate toughness of materials. For metastable austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304LN), the degree of martensitic transformation affects the fracture appearance and thus depends critically on the strain rate. The two dimensional ductile tearing ridge pattern quantified from many tensile fractographs are observed to predict the nature of disparity in deformation and fracture responses with systematic variation in strain rate of the steel under ambient atmosphere. The spatial distribution of deformation-induced martensite under tension at various stress/strains and strain rates strongly influences void nucleation, growth, coalescence and hence, keeps the impression on the ductile tearing ridge morphologies and dimple geometries on the fracture surface, where the initial inclusion content was constant.

Keywords

Ductile fracture Strain rate Deformation induced martensite Dimple Ridge pattern

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Das

and Tarafder

: ‘Experimental investigation on martensitic transformation and fracture morphologies of austenitic stainless steel’, Int. J. Plast., 2009, 25, 2222–2247. doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2009.03.003

Das

and Tarafder

: ‘Geometry of dimples and its correlation with mechanical properties in austenitic stainless steel’, Scr. Mater., 2008, 59, 1014–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.07.012

Das

: ‘Martensite–void interaction’, Scr. Mater., 2013, 68, 514–517. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.11.039

Gurson

A. L.

: ‘Continuum theory of ductile fracture by void nucleation and growth’, Trans. ASME, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1977, 99, 2–15. doi: 10.1115/1.3443401

Garrison

W. M.

Jr. and Moody

N. R.

: ‘Ductile fracture’, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1987, 48, 1035–1074. doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(87)90118-1

Goods

S. H.

and Brown

L. M.

: ‘The nucleation of cavities by plastic deformation’, Acta Mater., 1979, 27, 1–15. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(79)90051-8

Anderson

T. L.

: ‘Fracture mechanics: fundamentals and applications’, 3rd edn, 265; 1995, Boca Raton, NY, CRC Press.

Garrison

W. M.

Jr. and Wojcieszynski

A. L.

: ‘A discussion of the effect of inclusion volume fraction on the toughness of steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 464, 321–329. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.015

Das

, Sivaprasad

, Tarafder

, Das

S. K.

and Tarafder

: ‘Estimation of damage in high strength steels’, Appl. Soft. Comput., 2013, 13, 1033–1041. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2012.09.016

10.

Das

, Das

S. K.

, Sivaprasad

, Tarafder

and Tarafder

: ‘Analysis of damage accumulations in high strength low alloy steels under monotonic deformation’, Proc. Eng., 2013, 55, 786–792. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.332

11.

Das

, Chowdhury

and Tarafder

: ‘Ductile fracture micro-mechanisms of high strength low alloy steels’, Mater. Des., 2014, 54, 1002–1009. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.018

12.

Das

, Das

S. K.

, Sivaprasad

and Tarafder

: ‘Fracture-property correlation in copper strengthened high-strength low-alloy steel’, Scr. Mater., 2008, 59, 681–683. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.05.043

13.

Das

, Das

S. K.

and Tarafder

: ‘Correlation of fractographic features with mechanical properties in systematically varied microstructures of Cu-strengthened high-strength low-alloy steel’, Met. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, 40, 3138–3146. doi: 10.1007/s11661-009-9999-6

14.

Das

, Sivaprasad

, Chakraborti

P. C.

and Tarafder

: ‘Correspondence of fracture surface features with mechanical properties in 304LN stainless steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 496, 98–105. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.05.007

15.

Maloney

J. L.

and Garrison

W. M.

Jr. : ‘The effect of sulphide type on the fracture behaviour of HY 180 steel’, Acta Mater., 2005, 53, 533–551. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.09.041

16.

Moody

N. R.

, Garrison

W. M.

Jr. , Costa

J. E.

and Smugeresky

J. E.

: ‘The role of defect size on the fracture toughness of powder processed Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al’, Scr. Mater., 1989, 23, 1147–1150.

17.

Garrison

W. M.

Jr. and Wojcieszynski

A. L.

: ‘A discussion of the spacing of inclusions in the volume and of the spacing of inclusion nucleated voids on fracture surfaces of steels’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 505, 52–61. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.065

18.

Das

and Poddar

: ‘Structure–wear-property correlation’, Mater. Des., 2013, 47, 557–565. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.041

19.

Cottrell

A. H.

: ‘Theoretical aspects of fracture’, in ‘Fracture’ (ed. Averbach

B. L.

, Felbeck

D. R.

, Hahn

G. T.

and Thomas

D. A.

), 20; 1959, New York, The Technological Press of MIT and John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

20.

Benzerga

A. A.

, Besson

and Pineau

: ‘Anisotropic ductile fracture. Part I: experiments’, Acta Mater., 2004, 52, 4623–4638. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.06.020

21.

Das

, Roy

and Ray

A. K.

: ‘Stress induced creep cavity’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 598, 28–33. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.12.097

22.

Lassance

, Fabregue

, Delannay

and Pardoen

: ‘Micromechanics of room and high temperature fracture in 6xxx Al alloys’, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2007, 52, 62–129. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.06.001

23.

Curry

D. A.

, Milne

and Gates

R. S.

: ‘The influence of a high loading rate on the fracture behaviour of a pressure vessel steel’, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1984, 63, 101–109. doi: 10.1016/0025-5416(84)90167-8

24.

Dieter

G. E.

: ‘Mechanical metallurgy’, SI Metric Edition, 145; 1993, Berlin, Springer.

25.

Benson

D. J.

: ‘An analysis of void distribution effects on the dynamic growth and coalescence of voids in ductile metals’, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1993, 41, 1285–1308. doi: 10.1016/0022-5096(93)90080-Y

26.

Lee

W.-S.

, Lin

C.-F.

and Liu

T. J.

: ‘Strain rate dependence of impact properties of sintered 316L stainless steels’, J. Nucl. Mater., 2006, 359, 247–257. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.09.003

27.

Rice

J. R.

and Tracy

D. M.

: ‘On the ductile enlargement of voids in triaxial stress fields’, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1969, 17, 201–217. doi: 10.1016/0022-5096(69)90033-7

28.

Spitzig

W. A.

, Smelser

R. E.

and Richmond

: ‘The evolution of damage and fracture in iron compacts with various initial porosities’, Acta Mater., 1988, 36, 1201–1211. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(88)90273-8

29.

Argon

A. S.

, Im

and Safoglu

: ‘Cavity formation from inclusions in ductile fracture’, Meter. Trans. A, 1975, 6, 825–837. doi: 10.1007/BF02672306

30.

El-Soudani

S. M.

and Pelloux

R. M.

: ‘Influence of inclusion content on fatigue crack propagation in aluminium alloys’, Metall. Trans., 1973, 4, 519–531. doi: 10.1007/BF02648705

31.

Jamwal

R. S.

, Gokhale

A. M.

and Bhat

S. P.

: ‘Quantitative fractographic analysis of variability in the tensile ductility of a high strength dual phase steel’, Metallogr. Microstr. Anal., 2013, 2, 30–34. doi: 10.1007/s13632-012-0051-7

32.

Das

: ‘Crystallographic variant selection of martensite during fatigue deformation’, Philos. Mag., 2015, 95, 844–860. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2015.1008069

33.

Das

: ‘Crystallographic variant selection of martensite at high stress/strain’, Philos. Mag., 2015, 95, 2210–2227. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2015.1042938

34.

Lindley

T. C.

, Oates

and Richards

C. E.

: ‘A critical appraisal of carbide cracking mechanisms in ferride/carbine aggregates’, Acta Met., 1970, 18, 1127–1136. doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(70)90103-3

35.

Birkle

A. J.

, Wei

R. P.

, Pellissier

G. E.

: ‘Analysis of plane strain fracture in Ni–Cr–Mo alloys’, Trans. ASM, 1966, 59, 981–990.

36.

Das

: ‘Revisiting stacking fault energy of steels’, Met. Mater.Trans, A, 2016, 47, 748–768. doi: 10.1007/s11661-015-3266-9

37.

Guntur

C. J.

and Reed

R. P.

: ‘The effect of experimental variables including the martensitic transformation on the low-temperature mechanical stainless steel’, Trans. ASM, 1962, 55, 399–419.

38.

Garrison

A. M.

, Manish

M. D.

and Horstemeyer

M. F.

: ‘Effect of temperature on silicon particle damage in A356 alloy’, Met. Mater. Trans. A, 1998, 29, 905–907. doi: 10.1007/s11661-998-0281-0

39.

Cox

T. B.

and Low

J. R.

: ‘An investigation of the plastic fracture of AISI 4340 and 18 Nickel-200 grade maraging steels’, Metall. Trans., 1974, 5, 1457–1470. doi: 10.1007/BF02646633

40.

Vanstone

R. H.

, Cox

T. B.

, Low

J. R.

and Psioda

J. A.

: ‘Microstructural aspects of fracture by dimpled rupture’, Int. Met. Rev., 1985, 30, 157–179.

41.

Liu

, Huang

, Li

, Hwang

K. C.

and Liu

: ‘A study of the void size effect based on the Taylor dislocation model’, Int. J. Plast., 2005, 21, 2107–2122. doi: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2005.03.016

42.

Avramovic-Cingara

, Saleh

C. A. R.

, Jain

M. K.

and Wilkinson

D. S.

: ‘Void nucleation and growth in dual-phase steel 600 in uniaxial tension’, Met. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, 40, 3117–3127. doi: 10.1007/s11661-009-0030-z

43.

Edelson

and Baldwin

W. M.

: ‘The effect of second phases on the mechanical properties of alloys’, Trans. Am. Soc. Metal., 1962, 55, 230–250.

44.

Erdogan

and Tekeli

: ‘The effect of martensite particle size on tensile fracture of surface-carburised AISI 8620 steel with dual phase core microstructure’, Mater. Des., 2002, 23, 597–604. doi: 10.1016/S0261-3069(02)00065-1

45.

Poruks

, Yakubtsov

and Boyd

J. D.

: ‘Martensite–ferrite interface strength in a low carbon bainitic steel’, Scr. Mater., 2006, 54, 41–45. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.09.012