In this paper, the effect of Cu and Zn addition on mechanical properties of indirectly extruded Mg–2Sn alloy was investigated. Mg–2Sn–0.5Cu alloy exhibits a moderate yield strength (YS) of 225 MPa and an ultimate strength of 260 MPa, which are much higher than those of the binary Mg–2Sn alloy, and the elongation (EL) evolves as ∼15.5%. Mechanical properties of the Mg–2Sn–0.5Cu alloy are deteriorated with more 3 wt-% Zn addition, and YS and EL are reduced as 160 MPa and ∼10%. The detailed mechanism is discussed according to the work-hardening rate and strengthening effect related to the grain sizes, second phases and macro-textures. Grain refinement and proper texture are believed to play a critical role in both strength and ductility optimisation.
LuoA. A.: ‘Magnesium casting technology for structural Applications’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2013, 1, 2–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2013.02.002
2.
PanH. C., PanF. S., PengJ., GouJ., TangA. T., WuL., and DongH. W.: ‘High-conductivity binary Mg–Zn sheet processed by cold rolling and subsequent aging’, J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 578, (0), 493–500. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.06.082
3.
QinG. W., RenY. P., HuangW., LiS., and PeiW. L.: ‘Grain refining mechanism of Al-containing Mg alloys with the addition of Mn–Al alloys’, J. Alloys Compd., 2010, 507, 410–413. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.07.164
4.
ZhaoC., PanF., ZhaoS., PanH., SongK., and TangA.: ‘Preparation and characterization of as-extruded Mg–Sn alloys for orthopedic applications’, Mater. Des., 2015, 70, 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.041
JiangL., ZhangD., DongY., GuoF., HuG., XueH., and PanF.: ‘Microstructure and tensile properties of as extruded and as aged Mg–Al–Zn–Mn–Sn alloy’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31, (3), 1088–1095. doi: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000676
7.
ZhangX. B., ZhangY., ChenK., BaZ. X., WangZ. Z., and WangQ.: ‘Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Mg–Nd–Zn–Sr–Zr alloy as a biodegradable material’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31, (7), 866–873. doi: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000661
8.
AvvariM. and NarendranathS.: ‘Influence of route-R on wrought magnesium AZ61 alloy mechanical properties through equal channel angular pressing’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2014, 2, (2), 159–164. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2014.04.002
9.
KianiM., GandikotaI., Rais-RohaniM., and MotoyamaK.: ‘Design of lightweight magnesium car body structure under crash and vibration constraints’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2014, 2, (2), 99–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2014.05.005
10.
LvB., PengJ., PengY., and TangA.: ‘The effect of addition of Nd and Ce on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZM21 Mg alloy’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2013, 1, 94–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2013.02.011
11.
ZhuT., FuP., PengL., HuX., ZhuS., and DingW.: ‘Effects of Mn addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Mg–9Al–2Sn (wt.%) alloy’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2014, 2, (1), 27–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2014.01.003
12.
PanH., QinG., XuM., FuH., RenY., PanF., GaoZ., ZhaoC., YangQ., SheJ., and SongB.: ‘Enhancing mechanical properties of Mg–Sn alloys by combining addition of Ca and Zn’, Mater. Des., 2015, 83, (0), 736–744.
13.
PanH., QinG., RenY., WangL., SunS., and MengX.: ‘Achieving high strength in indirectly-extruded binary Mg–Ca alloy containing Guinier–Preston zones’, J. Alloys Compd., 2015, 630, (0), 272–276. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.068
14.
WangS., XuD., HanE., and DongC.: ‘Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of a high strength Mg–7% Gd–5% Y–1% Nd–0.5% Zr alloy’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2014, 2, (4), 335–341. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2014.11.004
15.
YangQ., JiangB., LiX., DongH., LiuW., and PanF.: ‘Microstructure and mechanical behavior of the Mg–Mn–Ce magnesium alloy sheets’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2014, 2, (1), 8–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2014.01.009
16.
YangQ., JiangB., PanH., SongB., JiangZ., DaiJ., WangL., and PanF.: ‘Influence of different extrusion processes on mechanical properties of magnesium alloy’, J. Magn. Alloys, 2014, 2, (3), 220–224. doi: 10.1016/j.jma.2014.10.001
17.
YangH. J., AnX. H., ShaoX. H., YangX. M., LiS. X., WuS. D., and ZhangZ. F.: ‘Enhancing strength and ductility of Mg–12Gd–3Y–0.5Zr alloy by forming a bi-ultrafine microstructure’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2011, 528, (13–14), 4300–4311. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.02.041
18.
QiF., ZhangD., ZhangX., and XuX.: ‘Effects of Mn addition and X-phase on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength Mg–Zn–Y–Mn alloys’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2014, 593, (0), 70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.043
19.
SandlöbesS., FriákM., ZaeffererS., DickA., YiS., LetzigD., PeiZ., ZhuL.-F., NeugebauerJ., and RaabeD.: ‘The relation between ductility and stacking fault energies in Mg and Mg–Y alloys’, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, (6), 3011–3021. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.02.006
20.
SanjariM., FarzadfarS., SakaiT., UtsunomiyaH., EssadiqiE., JungI.-H., and YueS.: ‘Microstructure and texture evolution of Mg3Zn3Ce magnesium alloys sheets and associated restoration mechanisms during annealing’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2013, 561, 191–202. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.075
21.
LuoD., XiaN., WangH.-Y., ChenL., WangJ.-G., and JiangQ.-C.: ‘Microstructure and tensile properties of new type of hot rolled Mg–3Sn–1Zn alloy sheet at elevated temperatures’, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 30, (11), 1305–1308. doi: 10.1179/1743284714Y.0000000565
22.
SasakiT., YamamotoK., HonmaT., KamadoS., and HonoK.: ‘A high-strength Mg–Sn–Zn–Al alloy extruded at low temperature’, Scripta Mater., 2008, 59, (10), 1111–1114. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.07.042
23.
ChengW. L., KimH. S., YouB. S., KooB. H., and ParkS. S.: ‘Strength and ductility of novel Mg–8Sn–1Al–1Zn alloys extruded at different speeds’, Mater. Lett., 2011, 65, (11), 1525–1527. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.010
24.
ChengW. L., ParkS. S., YouB. S., and KooB. H.: ‘Microstructure and mechanical properties of binary Mg–Sn alloys subjected to indirect extrusion’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2010, 527, (18–19), 4650–4653. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.031
25.
ChenD., RenY.-P., GuoY., PeiW.-l., ZhaoH.-D., and QinG.-W.: ‘Microstructures and tensile properties of as-extruded Mg–Sn binary alloys’, Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China, 2010, 20, (7), 1321–1325. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60298-3
26.
GibsonM. A., FangX., BettlesC. J., and HutchinsonC. R.: ‘The effect of precipitate state on the creep resistance of Mg–Sn alloys’, Scripta Mater., 2010, 63, (8), 899–902. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.07.002
27.
BuhaJ. and OhkuboT.: ‘Natural aging in Mg-Zn (-Cu) alloys’, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, 39, (9), 2259–2273. doi: 10.1007/s11661-008-9545-y
28.
WangJ., LiuR., LuoT., and YangY.: ‘A high strength and ductility Mg–Zn–Al–Cu–Mn magnesium alloy’, Mater. Des., 2013, 47, 746–749. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.080
29.
GolmakaniyoonS. and MahmudiR.: ‘Microstructure and creep behavior of the rare-earth doped Mg–6Zn–3Cu cast alloy’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2011, 528, (3), 1668–1677. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.095
30.
JayalakshmiS., SankaranarayananS., KohS., and GuptaM.: ‘Effect of Ag and Cu trace additions on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Mg–5Sn alloy’, J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 565, 56–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.186
31.
ParkS. and YouB.: ‘Low-temperature superplasticity of extruded Mg–Sn–Al–Zn alloy’, Scripta Mater., 2011, 65, (3), 202–205. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.04.005
32.
ZhaoC., PanF., ZhaoS., PanH., SongK., and TangA.: ‘Preparation and characterization of as-extruded Mg–Sn alloys for orthopedic applications’, Mater. Des., 2015, 70, 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.041
33.
ElsayedF., SasakiT., OhkuboT., TakahashiH., XuS., KamadoS., and HonoK.: ‘Effect of extrusion conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed Mg–Sn–Al–Zn alloys’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2013, 588, 318–328. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.09.050
34.
Oh-IshiK., MendisC., HommaT., KamadoS., OhkuboT., and HonoK.: ‘Bimodally grained microstructure development during hot extrusion of Mg–2.4 Zn–0.1 Ag–0.1 Ca–0.16 Zr (at.%) alloys’, Acta Mater., 2009, 57, (18), 5593–5604. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.07.057
35.
XuS. W., Oh-ishiK., KamadoS., UchidaF., HommaT., and HonoK.: ‘High-strength extruded Mg–Al–Ca–Mn alloy’, Scripta Mater., 2011, 65, (3), 269–272. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.04.026
36.
YuanW. and MishraR. S.: ‘Grain size and texture effects on deformation behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy’, Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 2012, 558, 716–724. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.08.080
37.
del ValleJ. A., CarreñoF., and RuanoO. A.: ‘Influence of texture and grain size on work hardening and ductility in magnesium-based alloys processed by eCAP and rolling’, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, (16), 4247–4259. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.05.018
38.
RazaviS. M., FoleyD. C., KaramanI., HartwigK. T., DuyguluO., KecskesL. J., MathaudhuS. N., and HammondV. H.: ‘Effect of grain size on prismatic slip in Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy’, Scripta Mater., 2012, 67, (5), 439–442. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.05.017
39.
YinD. L., WangJ. T., LiuJ. Q., and ZhaoX.: ‘On tension–compression yield asymmetry in an extruded Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy’, J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 478, (1), 789–795. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.12.033
40.
SongB., XinR., ChenG., ZhangX., and LiuQ.: ‘Improving tensile and compressive properties of magnesium alloy plates by pre-cold rolling’, Scripta Mater., 2012, 66, (12), 1061–1064. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.02.047
