Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2018-10
Predicting attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social entrepreneurship: the role of servant leadership in young people / Predicción de las actitudes y las intenciones conductuales hacia el emprendimiento social: el papel del liderazgo de servicio en los jóvenes
: Social entrepreneurship (SE) refers to the development of innovative projects whose main aim is not individual profit but the transformation of society. The issue is particularly important for promoting youth development and participation. This research offers insights from two studies designed from a multi-dimensional perspective analysing attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social ventures built upon the constructs of servant leadership and lifestyles. Results of Study 1 indicated that servant leadership is a key predictor of attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social entrepreneurship, while having a violent lifestyle is negatively associated with these attitudes and intentions. Study 2 showed that servant leadership style predicted attitudes towards social entrepreneurship over and above other types of leadership (i.e., transformational, transactional and laissez-faire). These studies demonstrate the importance of considering servant leadership and relational styles as key factors in predicting attitudes and behavioural intentions regarding social and active participation of young people. Limitations of the study and applications to designing interventions aimed at improving attitudes and behavioural intentions towards social entrepreneurship are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdjibolosooS. B. K. (Ed.). (2000). The human factor in shaping the course of history and development. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
2.
Aguilar PardoD.Martínez CotrinaJ. (2016). Validation of the self-report altruism scale test in Colombian University Students. Ánfora, 23, 17–35.
3.
AikenL. S.WestS. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting regressions. London: Sage Publications.
4.
AndersonC. A.ShibuyaA.IhoriN.SwingE. L.BushmanB. J.SakamotoA.SaleemM. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.
5.
AustinJ.StevensonH.Wei-SkillernJ. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both?Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 30, 1–22.
6.
BanduraA. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 21–41.
7.
BassB. M.AvolioB. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development. manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
8.
BornsteinD. (1998). Changing the world on a shoestring. Atlantic Monthly, 281, 34–39.
9.
BosmaN.HesselsJ.SchutjensV.Van PraagM.VerheulI. (2012). Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33, 410–424.
10.
BriñolP.PettyR. E. (2009). Source factors in persuasion: A self-validation approach. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 49–96.
11.
BrockD. D. (2008). Social entrepreneurship teaching handbook. Arlington, VA: Ashoka’s Global Academy for Social Entrepreneurship.
12.
CarraherS. M.WelshD. H. B.SvilokosA. (2016). Validation of a measure of social entrepreneurship. European Journal of International Management, 10, 386–402.
13.
ChellE. (2013). Review of skill and the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 19, 6–31.
14.
ChlostaS.PatzeltH.KleinS. B.DormannC. (2012). Parental role models and the decision to become self-employed: The moderating effect of personality. Small Business Economics, 38, 121–138.
15.
ChoudharyA. I.AkhtarS. A.ZaheerA. (2013). Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 433–440.
16.
CrowneD. P.MarloweD. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349.
17.
DennisR.WinstonB. E. (2003). A factor analysis of Page and Wong’s servant leadership instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24, 455–459.
18.
DíazD.StavrakiM.BlancoA.GandarillasB. (2015). The eudaimonic component of satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in Spanish cultures. Psicothema, 27, 247–253.
19.
ElkingtonJ.HartiganP. (2008). The power of unreasonable people: how social entrepreneurs create markets that change the world. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
20.
EstrinS.MickiewiczT.StephanU. (2013). Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37, 479–504.
21.
FaggianoM. P. (2007). Stile di vita e partecipazione sociale giovanile: il circolo virtuoso teoria-ricerca-teoria (Vol. 12). Milan: FrancoAngeli.
22.
FerrandoP. J.ChicoE. (2000). Adaptación y análisis psicométrico de la escala de deseabilidad social de Marlowe y Crowne. Psicothema, 12, 383–389.
23.
FishbeinM.AjzenI. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
24.
FölsterS. (2000). Do entrepreneurs create jobs?Small Business Economics, 14, 137–148.
25.
FreseM.GielnikM. M. (2014). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 413–438.
26.
FreyM.KernR. M.SnowJ.CurletteW. L. (2009). Lifestyle and transformational leadership style. Journal of Individual Psychology, 65, 212–240.
27.
GedajlovicE.HonigB.MooreC. B.PayneG. T.WrightM. (2013). Social capital and entrepreneurship: A schema and research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37, 455–478.
28.
GeldhofG. J.WeinerM.AgansJ. P.MuellerM. K.LernerR. M. (2014). Understanding entrepreneurial intent in late adolescence: The role of intentional self-regulation and innovation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 81–91.
29.
GreenleafR. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York, NY: Paulist Press.
30.
HardingR.CowlingM. (2006). Social entrepreneurship monitor. London: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
31.
HemingwayC. A. (2005). Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 60, 233–249.
32.
HendryL. B.ShucksmithJ.LoveJ. G.GlendinningA. (1993). Young people’s leisure and lifestyles. London: Routledge.
33.
IspaJ. M.CsizmadiaA.RudyD.FineM. A.KrullJ. L.BradleyR. H.CabreraN. (2013). Patterns of maternal directiveness by ethnicity among early head start research participants. Parenting, 13, 58–75.
34.
LatiffA.MajidI. A.MohamadM. (2017). Exploring servant leadership instrument for social enterprise (Cooperative). European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4, 7–23.
35.
LefebvreR. C. (2013). Social marketing and social change: Strategies and tools for improving health, well-being, and the environment. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
36.
LévesqueM.MinnitiM. (2011). Age matters: How demographics influence aggregate entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5, 269–284.
37.
LheureuxF.AuzoultL. (2017). Me, an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurial identity, outgroup social identification, attitudes and intentions towards business creation. Revista de Psicología Social, 32, 246–275.
38.
LivingstoneS.HaddonL.GörzigA. (2012). Children, risk and safety on the internet: Research and policy challenges in comparative perspective. Bristol: The Policy Press.
39.
MairJ.MartiI. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41, 36–44.
40.
MairJ.RobinsonJ.HockertsK. (2006). Social entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan.
41.
MawnL.OliverE. J.AkhterN.BambraC. L.TorgersonC.BridleC.StainH. J. (2017). Are we failing young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis of re-engagement interventions. Systematic Reviews, 6, 16.
42.
MoralesJ.MoleroF. (1995). Leadership in two types of healthcare organization. In PeiróJ. M.MeliáJ. L.LuqueO. (Eds.), Work and organizational psychology: European contributions of the nineties (pp. 209–221). Erlbaum, UK: Taylor & Francis.
43.
Morales-AlonsoG.Pablo-LerchundiI.Núñez-Del-RíoM. C. (2016). Entrepreneurial intention of engineering students and associated influence of contextual factors. Revista de Psicología Social, 31, 75–108.
44.
MuravenM.BaumeisterR. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259.
45.
NorthouseP. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
46.
PageD.WongT. P. (2000). A conceptual framework for measuring servant-leadership. In AdjibolosooS. D. K. (Ed.), The human factor in shaping the course of history and development (pp. 69–109). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
47.
PalichL. E.BagbyD. R. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 425–438.
48.
ParrisD. L.PeacheyJ. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113, 377–393.
49.
PetrovskayaI.MirakyanA. (2017). A mission of service: Social entrepreneur as a servant leader. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-02-2016-0057
50.
PrabhuG. N. (1999). Social entrepreneurial leadership. Career Development International, 4, 140–145.
51.
RamosA.SarrióM.BarberáE.CandelaC. (2002). Mujeres directivas y demandas organizacionales. Revista de Psicología Social, 17, 183–192.
52.
RaposoM.Do PaçoA. (2011). Entrepreneurship education: Relationship between education and entrepreneurial activity. Psicothema, 23, 453–457.
53.
RiveraR.SantosD. (2015). El perfil de los futuros emprendedores sociales: Competencias y estilos de vida. Revista de Estudios de Juventud, 107, 13–28.
54.
RiveraR.SantosD. (2016). Civic and political participation of children and adolescents: A lifestyle analysis for positive youth developmental programs. Children & Society, 30, 59–70.
RiveraR.SantosD.BrändleG.CárdabaM. Á. M. (2016). Design effectiveness analysis of a media literacy intervention to reduce violent video games consumption among adolescents: The relevance of lifestyles segmentation. Evaluation Review, 40, 142–161.
57.
RiveraR.SantosD.GarcíaV.DocalM. C. (2016). Online and offline pornography consumption in colombian adolescents. Comunicar, 24, 37–45.
58.
RiveraR.SantosD.Martín-FernándezM. (2017). Spanish validation of the servant leadership short scale for young adults and adolescents. Revista de Psicología Social, 32, 395–423.
RobertsD.WoodsC. (2005). Changing the world on a shoestring: The concept of social entrepreneurship. University of Auckland Business Review, 7, 45–51.
61.
SantosD.RequeroB.CancelaA.PedrazzoliA. (2015). Juventud proactiva: Cómo crear unas actitudes fuertes y positivas hacia el emprendimiento. Revista de Estudios de Juventud, 107, 125–148.
62.
SchneiderS. K.GeorgeW. M. (2011). Servant leadership versus transformational leadership in voluntary service organizations. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32, 60–77.
63.
SchoonI.DuckworthK. (2012). Who becomes an entrepreneur? Early life experiences as predictors of entrepreneurship. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1719–1726.
64.
ShortJ. C.MossT. W.LumpkinG. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3, 161–194.
SingerS.AmorósJ. E.MoskaD. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2014 global report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Retrieved May 2015, fromhttp://www.gemconsortium.org/
67.
StewartW. H.JrRothP. L. (2001). Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 145–153.
68.
StoneA. G.RussellR. F.PattersonK. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25, 349–361.
69.
ThirlawayK.UptonD. (2009). The psychology of lifestyle: Promoting healthy behaviour. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
70.
ThompsonJ.AlvyG.LessA. (2000). Social entrepreneurship: A new look at the people and the potential. Management Decision, 38, 328–338.
71.
WaltersG. D. (2006). Lifestyle theory: Past, present, and future. New York, NY: Nova Publishers.
72.
WashingtonR. R.SuttonC. D.SauserW. I.Jr (2014). How distinct is servant leadership theory? Empirical comparisons with competing theories. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 11, 11–25.
73.
ZahraS. A.GedajlovicE.NeubaumD. O.ShulmanJ. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24, 519–532.
