The paper reviews some of the theoretical models of gender stereotypes. Different approaches, such as the sociocognitive, the intergroup, in particular the role model, the expectations model and the social function of stereotypes are discussed. Gender stereotypes are seen as social representations or collective ideologies defining models of behavior.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AmáncioL. (1989a) Factores psicossociológicos da discriminação da mulher no trabalho. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, ISCTE, Lisbon.
2.
AmâncioL. (1989b) Social differentiation between “dominant” and “dominated” groups: Toward an integration of social stereotypes and social identity.European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 1–10.
3.
AmâncioL. (1990) Defining the limits of feminine behaviour—The asymmetrical functions of gender stereotypes. Paper presented at the VIIIth general meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology, Budapest.
4.
AmâncioL.and soczkaL. (1988) Social identity and implicit theories about sex discrimation at work. In Canter;D.Correia JesuinoJ.SoczkaL.StephensonG.M. (Eds.) Environmental Social Psychology, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5.
AshmoreR.D. (1981) Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory. In HamiltonD. L. (Ed.) Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behaviour, Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum.
6.
AshmoreR.D.and delbocaF.K. (1979) Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory: Toward a cognitive-social psychological conceptualization, Sex Roles, 5, 2, 219–248.
7.
BemS.L. (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 2, 155–162.
8.
BemS.L. (1975) Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634–643.
9.
BrewerM. (1985) Experimental research and social policy: must it be rigor verses relevance?Journal of Social Issues, 41, 4, 159–176.
10.
BrewerM. (1988) A dual process model of impression formation. In SrullT.K.WyerR.S.Jr. (Eds.) Advances in Social Cognition, vol. I, Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
11.
BrovermanI.K.VogelS.R.BrovermanD.M.ClarksonF.E.and rosenkrantzP.S. (1972) Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal.Journal of Social Issues, 28, 2, 59–78.
12.
CliftonA.K.McgrathD.and dewickB. (1976) Stereotypes of woman: A single category?Sex Roles, 2, 135–148.
13.
DeauxK. (1984) From individual differences to social categories. Analysis of a decade's research on gender.American Psychologist, 39, 105–116.
14.
DeauxK.and kiteM.E. (1985) Gender stereotypes: Some thoughts on the cognitive organization of gender-related information.Academic Psychology Bulletin, 7, 123–144.
15.
DeauxK. (1985). Sex and gender.Annual Review of psychology, 36, 49–81.
16.
DeauxK.and lewisL.L. (1984) Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 5, 991–1.004.
17.
DeauxK.WintonW.CrowleyM.and lewisL.L. (1985) Levels of categorization and content of gender stereotypes.Social Cognition, 3, 145–167.
18.
EaglyA.H. (1987) Sex Differences in Social Behaviour: A Social-Role Interpretation, Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
19.
EaglyA.H.and kiteM.E. (1987) Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 3, 451–462.
20.
EaglyA.H.and mladinicA. (1989) Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 4, 543–558.
21.
EaglyA.H.and woodW. (1982) Inferred sex differences in status as a determinant of gender stereotypes about social influence.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 5, 915–928.
22.
HigginsE.T.and barghJ.A. (1987) Social cognition and social perception.Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369–425.
23.
HuiciC. (1984) The individual and social functions of sex role stereotypes. In TajfelH. (Ed.) The Social Dimension: European Developments in Social Psychology, vol. 2, London/Paris: Cambridge University press/Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.
24.
JonesW.H.ChernovetzM.E.and hanssonR.D. (1978) The enigma of androgyny: Differential implications for males and females?Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 298–313.
25.
LocksleyA.and cohenM.E. (1979) Psychological androgyny: A case of mistaken identity?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 6, 1.017–1.031.
26.
Lorenzi-CioldiF. (1988) Individus Dominants et Groupes Dominés, Images Masculines et Féminines, Grenoble: Presses Universitaires.
27.
MaccobyE.E. (1988) Gender as a social category.Developmental Psychology, 24, 6, pp. 755–765.
28.
ParsonsT. (1956a) The american family. In ParsonsT.BalesR.F. (Eds.) Family, Socialization and the Interaction Process, London: Routledge.
29.
ParsonsT. (1956b) Family structure and the socialization of the child. In ParsonsT.BalesR.F. (Eds.) Family, Socialization and the Interaction Process, London: Routledge.
30.
RosenkrantzP.S.BeeH.VogelS.R.and brovermanI.K. (1968) Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 3, 287–295.
31.
ScottJ.and alwinD.F. (1989) Gender differences in parental strain: Parental role or gender role?Journal of Family Issues, 10, 4, 482–503.
32.
SousaE.and leyensJ.-P. (1987) A prion vs. spontaneous models of attribution: The case of gender and achievement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 281–292.
33.
SenceJ.DeauxK.and helmreichR.L. (1985) Sex-roles in contemporary american society. In LindzeyG.AronsonE. (Eds.) Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd Edition, vol. II, 149–178.
34.
SenceJ.HelmreichR.and stappJ. (1975) Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1, 29–39.
35.
SteffenV.J.and eaglyA.H. (1985) Implicit theories about influence style: The effects of status and sex.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 2, 191–205.
36.
TajfelH. (1978) Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In TajfelH. (Ed.) Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Psychology of Intergroup Relations, European Monographs in Social Psychology, 14, London/Paris: Academic Press/Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.
37.
TajfelH. (1981) Human Groups and Social Categories, London: Cambridge University Press.
38.
TajfelH. (1982) Social psychology of intergroup relations.Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39.
39.
WidigerT.A.and settleS.A. (1987) Broverman et al. revisited: An artifactual sex bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 463–469.
40.
WilliamsJ.E.and bestD.L. (1986) Sex stereotypes and intergroup relations. In AustinW.WorchelP. (Eds.) Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Chicago: Nelson Hall.