En este estudio se analizan los estilos atribucionales, para dos situaciones concretas y cotidianas—el desempleo y el fracaso escolar—, según el grado de implicación personal para ambos hechos.
Considerando variables dependientes, no habituales en la investigación de Teoría de Atribución, se confirma la existencia de un proceso de variabilidad en la realización de atribuciones, tomando como criterio distintivo la experiencia personal que los sujetos tienen en las situaciones propuestas. Se sugieren, por último, algunas hipótesis que pueden explicar estas diferencias.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AntakiCh.FieldingG. (1981). «Research on ordinary explanations». EnAntakiCh. (Ed.). The Psychology of Ordinary Explanations of Social Behaviour, pp. 27–55. London: Academic Press.
2.
Beltrán De TenaR. (1986). «Fracaso Escolar». EnVegaJ. L. (Ed.). Psicología de la Educación. Diccionario de Ciencias de la Educación, pp. 201–204. Madrid: Anaya.
3.
BernsteinW. N.StephanW. G.DavisM. H. (1979). «Explaining attributions for achievement: a path analytic approach».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37, 1810–1821.
4.
BerscheidE.GrazianoW.MonsonT.DermerM. (1976). «Outcome depedency: attention, attribution, and attraction».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology34978–989.
5.
BierbrauerG. (1979). «Why did he do it?» Attribution of obedience and the phenomenon of dispositional bias.European Journal of Social Psychology9, 67–84.
6.
BradleyG. W. (1978). «Self-serving biases in the attribution process: a reexamination of the fact or fiction question».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology36, 56–71.
7.
BussA. R. (1978). «Causes and Reasons in Attribution Theory: A Conceptual critique».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology36, 1311–1321.
8.
CarverC. S.De GregorioE.GillinsR. (1980). «Field-study evidence of an ego-defensive bias in attribution among two categories of observers».Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin6, 44–50.
9.
DienerC. T.DweckC. S. (1978). «An analysis of learned helplessness: continous changes in performance strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology36, 451–462.
10.
EnzleM.SchopflocherD. (1978). «Instigation of attribution processes by attributional questions».Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin4, 595–599.
11.
FeatherN. T. (1983). «Some correlates of attributional style: depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and Protestant Ethic values».Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin9, 125–135.
12.
FeatherN. T.DavenportP. R. (1981). «Unemployment and depressive affect: a motivational and attributional analysis».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology41, 422–436.
13.
HamiltonV. L. (1980). «Intuitive psychologist or intuitive lawyer. Alternative models of the attribution process».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology39, 767–772.
14.
HarveyJ. H. (1981). «Do we need another gloss on Attribution Theory?»British Journal of Social Psychology20, 301–306.
15.
HarveyJ. H.YarkinK. L.LightnerJ. M.TownJ. P. (1980). «Unsolicited interpretation and recall of interpersonal events».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology38, 551–568.
16.
HarveyJ. H.WearyG.HarrisB. (1981). Perspectives on Attributional Processes.Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers.
17.
HastieR. (1984). «Causes and effects of causal attribution».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology46, 44–56.
18.
HeiderF. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations.New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
19.
Janoff-BullmanR. (1979). «Characterological vs. behavioural self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37, 1798–1809.
20.
JonesE. E.DavisK. E. (1965). «From Acts to Dispositions. The Attribution Process in Person Perception». EnBerkowitzL. (Ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, pp. 219–266. New York: Academic Press.
21.
JonesE. E.NisbettR. E. (1972). «The Actor and the Observer: divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior». EnJonesE. E.KanouseD. E.KelleyH. H.NisbettR. E.ValinsS.WeinerB. (Eds.). Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, pp. 79–94. Morristown: General Learning Press.
22.
KelleyH. H. (1967). «Attribution Theory in Social Psychology. EnLevineD. (Ed.). Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, pp. 192–240. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
23.
KelleyH. H. (1972). «Attribution in social interaction». EnJonesA. F.KanouseD. E.KelleyH. H.NisbettR. E.ValinsS.WeinerB. (Eds.). Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, pp. 1–26. Morristown: General Learning Press.
24.
KelleyH. H.MichelaJ. L. (1980). «Attribution Theory and Research».Annual Review Psychology31, 457–501.
25.
LangerE. (1978). «Rethinking the role of thought insocial interaction». EnHarveyJ. H.IckesW.KiddR. F. (Eds.). New Directions in Attribution Research, pp. 35–58. Hillsdale: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Publishers.
26.
LauR.RussellD. (1980). «Attributions in the sports pages».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology39, 29–38.
27.
LeachD. J.RaybouldE. C. (1977). Learning and Behavior Difficulties in School.London: Open Brooks.
28.
Molina GarcíaS.García PascualE. (1984). El Exito y el Fracaso Escolar.Barcelona: Laia.
29.
MonsonT. C.SnyderM. (1977). «Actors, observers, and the Attribution Process. Toward a reconceptualization».Journal of Experimental Social Psychology13, 89–111.
30.
MonsonT. C.KeelR.StephensD.GenungV. (1982). «Trait attributions: relative validity, covariation with behavior, and prospect of future interaction».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology42, 1014–1024.
31.
MooreB. S.SherrodD. R.LiuT. J.UnderwoodB. (1979). «The dispositional shift in attribution over time».Journal of Experimental Social Psychology15, 553–569.
32.
NeisserV. (1980). «On social knowing».Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin6, 601–605.
33.
PetersonC.SchwartzS. M.SeligmanM. P. (1981). «Self-blame and depressive symptoms».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology41, 253–259.
34.
PyszczynskiT.GreenbergJ. (1981). «Role of disconformed expectancies in the instigation of attributional processing».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology40, 31–38.
35.
RejeskiW. J.LoweCh. A. (1980). «The role of ability and effort in attributions for sport achievement».Journal of Personality48, 233–244.
36.
SeminG. R. (1980). «A gloss on Attribution Theory».British Journal of Social and Clinical Pshychology19, 291–300.
37.
ShaverK. G. (1970). «Defensive attribution: effects of severity and relevance on the responsability assigned for an accident».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology14, 101–113.
38.
SmithE.MillerF. (1983). «Mediation among attributional inferences and comprehension processes: Initial findings and a general method».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology44, 492–505.
39.
StormsM. (1973). «Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing actors' and observers' points of view».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology27, 165–175.
40.
TottmanR. (1982). «Philosophical foundations of attribution therapies».EnAntakiCh.BrewinCh. (Eds.). Attributions and Psychological Change. Applications of Attributional Theories to Clinical and Educational Practice, pp. 45–59. London: Academic Press.
41.
VanDERPligtS. (1981). «Actors' and observers' explanations: divergent perspectives or divergent evaluations?». EnAntakiCh. (Ed.). The Psychology of Ordinary Explanations of Social Behaviour, pp. 97–118. London: Academic Press.
42.
WeinerB. (1972). Theories of Motivation.Chicago: Rand-McNally.
43.
WeinerB. (1974). Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory.Morristown: General Learning Press.
44.
WeinerB. (1979). «A Theory of Motivation for some classroom experiences».Journal of Educational Psychology71, 3–25.
45.
WeinerB. (1980). «May I borrow your class-notes?»Journal of Educational Psychology72, 676–749.
46.
WellsG. L. (1982). «Attribution and reconstructive memory ».Journal of Experimental Social Psychology18, 447–463.
47.
WimerS.KelleyH. H. (1982). «An investigation of the dimensions of causal attribution».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology43, 1142–1162.
48.
WongP.WeinerB. (1981). «When people ask “why” questions and the heuristics of attributional search».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology40, 650–663.
49.
ZuckermanM.EvansS. (1984). «Schematic approach to the attributional processing of actions and ocurrences».Journal of Personality and Social Psychology47, 469–478.
