Se analiza la controversia herencia-ambiente en la determinación de la inteligencia y se expone la evidencia existente a favor y en contra de su modificabilidad. Este tema, debatido durante muchos años en psicología, ha dado lugar a tomas de postura contrapuestas, y, en ocasiones, demasiado radicales. Se concluye que aún aceptando un elevado componente genético de la inteligencia existe un amplio margen (entre 20 y 40 puntos de CI) de modificabilidad como resultado de la influencia del ambiente. En la actualidad, se contempla con optimismo la posibilidad de elevar la inteligencia, sobre todo en los niños desfavorecidos, a través de programas de intervención social y educativa.
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