La aparición de la cognición social como tema de investigación es muy reciente, y el concepto de asunción de roles adquiere en este área una importancia central. Históricamente, surgió como reacción a la importancia adjudicada por Piaget al egocentrismo inicial, y debe mucho a los escritos de G.H. Mead. La asunción de roles puede considerarse la aptitud social prototípica y puede manifestarse de varias maneras, entre las que cabe incluir la asunción perceptiva de roles (conciencia de perspectivas visuales ajenas), la asunción cognitiva de roles (conciencia de pensamientos ajenos), y la asunción afectiva de roles (conciencia de sentimientos ajenos). En todos estos casos se hace evidente que, ya a muy temprana edad, aparecen algunas formas básicas de asunción de roles durante la infancia, aunque inicialmente su manifestación es específica para cada situación y extremadamente dependiente de señales relativas al contexto y a las instrucciones. Generalmente, las diferencias individuales son muy pronunciadas, en cualquier edad aunque su falta de coherencia en distintas medidas aconseja prudencia a la hora de suponer la existencia de una aptitud general para asumir roles. Parece muy probable que las limitaciones iniciales de la asunción de roles tengan su origen en una insensibilidad del niño al tema general de las perspectivas, y no tanto en una fijación en la propia perspectiva.
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