Some of the principles underlying the science of ethology are described. Analogies are drawn between ethological and psychiatric observations in the psychiatric areas of reactions to separation, bereavement, depression, anxiety, sexual disorders and hysteria. It is suggested that in other areas also, notably obsessional states and schizophrenia, ethological concepts may be relevant. The implications and limitations of these analogies are briefly explored.
References
1.
Blurton-JonesN. (1966). Some aspects of the social behaviour of children in nursery schools. In: MorrisD. (Ed.), Primate Ethology. Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, London.
2.
BowlbyJ. (1960a). Separation anxiety. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child15: 9.
3.
BowlbyJ. (1960b). The nature of a child's tie to his mother. Int. J. Psychoanal. 41: 89.
4.
BowlbyJ. (1961). Childhood mourning and its implication for psychiatry. Amer. J. Psychiat., 118: 481.
5.
GrantE. C. (1965). An ethological description of some schizophrenic patterns of behaviour. In: Leeds Symposium on Behavioural Disorders. May and Baker, Dagenham.
6.
Granville-GrossmanK. L. (1968). The early environment in affective disorders. In: CoppenA.WalkA. (Eds.) Recent Developments in Affective Disorders: A Symposium. Royal Medico-Psychological Association, London.
7.
HessE. H. (1957). The effects of meprobamate on imprinting in waterfowl. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 67: 724.
8.
HindeR. A.1966). Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology. McGraw-Hill, London.
9.
HindeR. A.Spence-BoothY.BruceM. (1966). Effects of 6-day maternal deprivation on rhesus monkey infants. Nature, 210: 1021.
10.
HuttC.VaiseyM. J. (1966). Differential effects of group density on social behaviour. Nature, 209: 1371.
11.
JensenG. D.TolmanC. W. (1962). Mother-infant relationship in the monkey, Macaca nemestrina: the effect of brief separation and mother-infant specificity. J. comp. Physiol. Psychol., 55: 131.
12.
JonesI. H. (1971). Stereotyped aggression in a group of Australian western desert Aborigines. Brit. J. med. Psychol., 44 (in press).
13.
KaufmanC.RosenblumL. A. (1967). The reaction to separation in infant monkeys: anaclitic depression and conservation-withdrawal. Psychosomat. Med., 29: 648.
14.
LorenzK. (1941). Vergleichende Beweigungsstudien an Anathinen. Suppl. J. Ornith., 89: 194. Quoted in Hinde, R. A. (1966). Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology. McGraw-Hill, London.
15.
MorrisD. (1966). The response of animals to a restricted environment. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 13: 99.
16.
ParkesC. M. (1969). Separation anxiety: an aspect of the search for a lost object. In: LaderM. H. (Ed.). Studies of Anxiety. Royal Medico-Psychological Association, London.
17.
PriceJ. S. (1969). The ritualisation of agonistic behaviour as a determinant of variations along the neuroticism-stability dimension of personality. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 62: 1107.
18.
SouthwickC. H. (1969). Aggressive behaviour of rhesus monkeys in natural and captive groups. In: GarattiniS.SiggE. B. (Ed.). Aggressive Behaviour. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam.
19.
SpitzR. A. (1946). Anaclitic depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2: 313.
20.
TinbergenN. (1951). The Study of Instinct. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
21.
VenablesP. (1963). Selectivity of attention, withdrawal and cortical activation. Arch. gen. Psychiat., 9: 74.
22.
WicklerW. (1967). Socio-sexual signals and their intra-specific imitation among primates. In: MorrisD. (Ed.). Primate Ethology. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.