The term ‘science park’ evokes a “you know it when you see it” consensus among policy experts. Although the function of science parks is broadly understood as collaborative applied research between universities, industry, and governments, the physical and institutional form of these ‘cooperative research centers' shows significant variation. In this paper I present a typology of such centers in the current US context and discuss how they are changing. Using evidence from one high-tech industry, I underscore the agglomerated nature of basic and applied science—a key argument in the rethinking of decisions around public investments in scientific spaces. Finally, I conclude that US innovation policy is shifting to a more explicitly metropolitan orientation, recognizing the importance of proximity and agglomeration. Implicit in this shift is a reevaluation of the geography of public investment in technology infrastructure as it pertains to cities and regions.
AsheimBIsaksenA, 2002, “Regional innovation systems: the integration of local ‘sticky’ and global ‘ubiquitous’ knowledge”Journal of Technology Transfer2777–86
2.
Atkinson-GrosjeanJ, 2002, “Canadian science at the public/private divide: the NCE experiment”Journal of Canadian Studies3771–91
3.
BercovitzJFeldmanMFellerIBurtonR, 2001, “Organizational structure as a determinant of academic patent and licensing behavior: an exploratory study of Duke, Johns Hopkins, and Pennsylvania State Universities”Journal of Technology Transfer2621–35
4.
BluestoneBHarrisonB, 1982The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry (Basic Books, New York)
5.
BoardmanCGrayDRiversD, 2012Cooperative Research Centers and Technical Innovation Government Policies, Industry Strategies, and Organizational Dynamics (Springer, New York)
6.
BoschmaR A, 2005, “Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment”Regional Studies3961–74
7.
BozemanBBoardmanC, 2004, “The NSF engineering research centers and the university—industry research revolution: a brief history featuring an interview with Erich Bloch”Journal of Technology Transfer29365–375
8.
BramwellANellesJWolfeD A, 2008, “Knowledge, innovation and institutions: global and local dimensions of the ICT cluster in Waterloo, Canada”Regional Studies42101–116
9.
BristowG, 2005, “Everyone's a ‘winner’: problematising the discourse of regional competitiveness”Journal of Economic Geography5285–304
10.
CainelliGDe LisoN, 2005, “Innovation in industrial districts: evidence from Italy”Industry and Innovation12383–398
11.
CastellsMHallP, 1994Technopoles of the World: The Making of Twenty-first-century Industrial Complexes (Routledge, London)
12.
ChristophersonSClarkJ, 2007a, “The politics of firm networks: how large firm power limits small firm innovation”Geoforum381–3
13.
ChristophersonSClarkJ, 2007b, “Power in firm networks: what it means for regional innovation systems”Regional Studies411223–1236
14.
ClarkJ, 2010, “Coordinating a conscious geography: the role of research centers in multi-scalar innovation policy and economic development in the US and Canada”Journal of Technology Transfer35460–474
15.
ClarkJ, 2012, “Is there a progressive approach to innovation policy?”Progressive Planning19017–21
16.
ClarkJ, 2013Working Regions: Reconnecting Innovation and Production in the Knowledge Economy (Routledge, London)
17.
ClawsonMHallP, Resources for the Future, 1973Planning and Urban Growth: An Anglo-American Comparison (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD)
18.
DoloreuxDDionneSBrunoJ, 2007, “The evolution of an innovation system in a rural area: the case of La Pocatiere, Quebec”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research31146–167
19.
EtzkowitzHLeydesdorffL A, 1997Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy: A Triple Helix of University—Industry—Government Relations (Pinter, London)
20.
FeldmanM, 2001, “The entrepreneurial event revisited: firm formation in a regional context”Industrial and Corporate Change10861–891
21.
FeldmanMDesrochersP, 2003, “Research universities and local economic development: lessons from the history of the Johns Hopkins University”Industry and Innovation105–24
22.
FeldmanMLendelI, 2010, “Under the lens: the geography of optical science as an emerging industry”Economic Geography86141–171
23.
FellerI, 1997, “Manufacturing technology centers as components of regional technology infrastructures”Regional Science and Urban Economics27181–197
24.
ForsythA, 2014, “Alternative forms of the high-technology district: corridors, clumps, cores, campuses, subdvisions, and sites”Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy32809–823
25.
GertlerM SWolfeD A, 2002Innovationa nd Social Learning: Institutional Adaptation in an Era of Technological Change (Palgrave Macmillan, New York)
26.
GlaeserE L, 2011Triumph of the City: How our Greatest Invention Makes us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier (Penguin, New York)
27.
GrayD OLindbladMRudolphJ, 2001, “Industry—university research centers: a multivariate analysis of member retention”Journal of Technology Transfer26247–254
28.
HaarS, 2011The City as Campus: Urbanism and Higher Education in Chicago (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN)
29.
HendryCBrownJ, 2006, “Organizational networking in UK biotechnology clusters”British Journal of Management1755–73
30.
HendryCBrownJDefillippiR, 2000, “Regional clustering of high technology-based firms: opto-electronics in three countries”Regional Studies34129–144
KarlssonC (Ed.), 2008Handbook of Research in Innovation and Clusters: Cases and Policies (Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA)
33.
KrugmanP R, 1995Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
34.
LinM-WBozemanB, 2006, “Researchers'industry experience and productivity in university—industry research centers: a ‘scientific and technical human’ capital explanation”Journal of Technology Transfer31269–290
35.
LoweN, 2007, “Job creation and the knowledge economy: lessons from North Carolina's life science manufacturing initiative”Economic Development Quarterly21339–353
36.
MaleckiE J, 2004, “Jockeying for position: what it means and why it matters to regional development policy when places compete”Regional Studies381101–1120
37.
MarkusenA R, 1991The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America (Oxford University Press, New York)
38.
MarshallA, 1920Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume8th edition (Macmillan, London)
39.
MasseyD BQuintasPWieldD, 1992High-tech Fantasies: Science Parks in Society, Science, and Space (Routledge, London)
40.
MiaoTHallP, 2014, “Optical illusion? The growth and development of the Optics Valley of China”Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy32 forthcoming
41.
MorganK, 2004, “Sustainable regions: governance, innovation and scale”European Planning Studies12871–889
42.
MozingoL A, 2011Pastoral Capitalism: A History of Suburban Corporate Landscapes (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
PerryBMayT, 2007, “Governance, science policy and regions: an introduction”Regional Studies411039–1050
51.
PonomariovBBoardmanP C, 2008, “The effect of informal industry contacts on the time university scientists allocate to collaborative research with industry”Journal of Technology Transfer33301–313
52.
PorterM E, 1990, “The competitive advantage of nations”Harvard Business Review6873–91
53.
RankD, 2002, “Evaluation of the networks of centres of excellence: final report in NCE directorate”, Network of Centers of Excellence Directorate, Ottawa
54.
RoessnerJ D, 1985, “Prospects for a national innovation policy in the USA”Futures17224–231
ShearmurRCoffeyWDubéCBarbonneR, 2007, “Intrametropolitan employment structure: polycentricity, scatteration, dispersal and chaos in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver, 1996–2001”Urban Studies441713–1738
60.
SteppMPoolSLorisNSpencerJ, 2013, “Turning the page: re-imagining the national labs in the 21st century innovation economy”, The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, The Center for American Progress, and The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC
61.
WhyteW H, 1988City: Rediscovering the Center1st edition (Doubleday, New York)
62.
Wolf-PowersL, 2001, “Information technology and urban labor markets in the United States”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research25427–437
63.
ZysmanJTysonL D, 1983American Industry in International Competition: Government Policies and Corporate Strategies (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY)
