Urban Studies

The literature on the development of global cities suggests that Hong Kong had qualified as a global city by the early 1990s. Using data from the Population Censuses, this paper documents the extent to which the process of social polarisation accompanied Hong Kong's globalisation. As predicted by the global city literature, Hong Kong experienced during the 1990s a process of occupational polarisation and widening income inequality as a result of its transformation from an industrial colony to a producer service-driven global city. The paper outlines the gender dimension in this polarisation process, and how the forces of migration contributed to the reshaping of the social structure so that it now resembles an 'hour-glass'. The findings largely support Sassen's hypotheses regarding the social consequences of global city development, but the paper also highlights the effect of local institutional contexts in mediating the impact of global forces.

This paper examines the characteristics of urban spatial development in Beijing and identifies the extent to which these characteristics can be attributed to the emerging land market in Beijing as well as the impact of land policy reform. Based on the observations of land use rights granted from 1993 to the first half of 2000 in the built-up area of Beijing, empirical analyses illustrate that both land prices and land development density decrease with distance to the city core. It further provides evidence that the slope of the land rent curve also depends on land use types. This leads to the conclusion that the land market influences land development decisions and urban form. Finally, it shows that the slope of the land rent curve and the elasticity of land-capital substitution change over time. The former declines, as expected. This is because Beijing's massive investments in transport have reduced transport costs, which in turn has shifted the land rent curve. The latter rises, implying the price effect on land development density. Both changes—in land rent function and the elasticity of land-capital substitution-point to the maturing of the Beijing land market. It should be mentioned that there are enormous land developments outside the land market (land development on administratively allocated land). These developments can significantly distort urban land use patterns portrayed through this study.

This paper explores relationships between the politics of urban competitiveness and popular media discourse about the 'good life' and 'good places'. Specifically, it focuses on the influence of popular 'best places to live' rankings on urban policy in three US cities. It addresses two issues: how and why similar policies are transferred from place to place; and, how 'extra-economic' factors are mobilised in formulating local economic development policy. It argues that the media's role in these processes is understudied and that its normative discourse is powerful and political. This argument is influenced by and illustrative of a recent attempt to locate the study of discursive power much more centrally in political economy approaches to urban studies.

Cities are increasingly using cultural events to improve their image, stimulate urban development and attract visitors and investment. As part of its event-led regeneration strategy, Rotterdam staged the 'Cultural Capital of Europe' event in 2001. The aims were to attract visitors and to stimulate cultural consumption among residents, while positioning Rotterdam as a cultural destination. Over 2000 questionnaire responses by resident and non-resident visitors to the Cultural Capital event were used to evaluate the image effects of the event. In depth interviews were also undertaken with policy-makers and cultural managers, to permit evaluation of survey findings in the context of richer qualitative material. The image of the city as a cultural destination did improve in 2001, but the physical and tangible elements of the city's image (modern architecture, water) and its character as the working city of the Netherlands continued to dominate.

Planning and local policies, informed recurrently by theories of transformative urban development, have represented influential (and at times decisive) agencies of change in Vancouver's metropolitan core. A commitment to principles of post-industrialism in the 1970s, realised through the conversion of False Creek South from an obsolescent industrial site to a medium-density, mixed-income residential landscape, effectively broke the mould of the mid-century urban core. The seminal Central Area Plan (approved 1991) enabled the comprehensive reordering of inner-city space, exemplified by a post-modern diversity, complexity and interdependency of territory and land use, and a strategic reversal of the employment-housing imbalance in the core. The city has broadly succeeded in asserting public interests as contingencies of change within the core, but these processes have created new social conflicts, tensions and displacements, as well as a glittering and paradigmatic 21st-century central city. In theoretical terms, the Vancouver experience marks a clear break from the classic model of the post-industrial city, the latter typified by a monocultural, office-based economy, extreme spatial asymmetries of investment and development and modernist form and imagery. At the same time, emergent production clusters, residential mega-projects and spaces of consumption and spectacle in the central area present marked contrasts to the spatial disorder and chaotic patterns of `incipient' post-modernism, underscoring an exigent need for innovative and integrative retheorisation.

Neo-liberalism may intensify competition, not only between, but also within cities, as local authorities collaborate with commercial and third-sector organisations to nurture emerging visitor economies. This article considers reimaging strategies that trade upon features of the place-product that include ethnic cuisine, street markets and festivals, set against the backdrop of an exoticised urban landscape. Through longitudinal case studies of two multicultural districts in east London, the authors examine the public policy rationale for their selection and redefinition as new destinations for leisure and tourism, identifying the key agents of change and the range of techniques used to market ethnic and cultural difference. This leads to a critical discussion of the issues arising for urban governance and the reconciliation of their role as social and commercial hubs for minority groups, with the accommodation of high-spending leisure consumers from the dominant culture and, in some cases, international tourists.

The article is focused on the activity of the global business services companies in Moscow and the patterns of their embeddedness in the local economy. The research findings indicate: the growing role of Moscow as a focus of global corporate networks and strong links between foreign and national capital; three basic strategies of involvement in the Russian economy, specific for certain sectors of business services; a much stronger gateway function of Moscow for professional services than for the financial sector; the continuing central role of Russia at the national scale and partly at the supranational scale (within the post-Soviet space), where it is challenged by some national capitals and the complete loss of central position within eastern Europe.

This study applies stated-preference methods to estimate the public good values of preservation and restoration of a local historic landmark in a medium-sized US city. The survey device centres on a referendum-style dichotomous-choice question regarding city participation in a restoration partnership. Use of a double-split sample allows analysis of the effect on valuation of both heritage information and willingness-to-pay versus willingness-to-accept constructs, where the latter is approached by the method of paired comparison, allowing a non-substitutability effect to be separated from any endowment effect. Econometric analysis using a standard binary logit model indicates the existence of a strong non-substitutability effect and a significant information effect that further suggests the importance of non-substitutability in valuation.

For many reasons, cities and regions in Europe play an increasingly active role in providing and/or promoting broadband access to the Internet. This article describes and analyses local policy interventions in the broadband infrastructure market and presents a typology of four different kinds of policy. For each policy type, the cities' objectives and rationale for intervening in the broadband market are described. Subsequently, a critical analysis is made of the alleged benefits of broadband policies and the associated risks and costs are discussed.

This paper seeks to increase our understanding of how land is exchanged between suppliers and demanders. Most current land-price theories, and the land-use models which are derived from them, assume that co-ordination between suppliers and demanders is achieved through the price mechanism. There are, however, other possible co-ordination mechanisms, including imposed rules and mutual trust. In order to take account of these, the effect of institutions has to be included in the theories. Transaction cost economics, as one strand of institutional economics, seeks to explain which co-ordination mechanism is chosen in practice. In this paper, the application of these ideas is illustrated with findings from a detailed survey of how Dutch housing associations acquire land. It appears that these housing associations choose to acquire land through the mechanism of mutual trust when there is a network in place which they can use, and to acquire through the market when that mechanism is not available. This application shows how the theoretical ideas can be operationalised and tested in practice. If this were done more widely, the assumption that price is the main co-ordination mechanism could be tested critically. The outcome would be important not only for land-price theory, but also for land-use policy.