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Developing members at the WTO face a shrinkage in policy space for supporting their agricultural sector due to the limited room available under the provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Contrastingly, most developed members can provide high levels of product-specific support without breaching their commitments on account of their support entitlements. For some of these members, the so-called ‘Blue Box’ under the AoA, plays a pivotal role in expanding the policy space with respect to domestic support to agricultural products. Though a lot of scholarship has discussed and examined other support provisions under the AoA, the ‘Blue Box’ remains relatively shrouded in mystery. Testimony to this is the fact that although the Blue Box has found use amongst developed members, no developing member, except for China in 2016, has ever used the Blue Box to support their producers. Given the impasse in the Doha Round of negotiations and limited flexibilities available under the AoA, this paper examines the feasibility and compatibility Blue Box measures with developing members’ socio-economic situation. Findings of this paper bring to fore the variations in member practice and the operational flexibilities available in implementing Blue Box programmes to support agriculture.

JEL: F13, F14, F17, Q17

26:T4f5,

This study endeavours to augment the existing literature on the productive efficiency of Indian domestic banks in the presence of non-performing assets (NPAs), by employing the Weighted Russell Directional Distance Model (WRDDM). Following the intermediation approach, the banking technology set includes three inputs, three desirable outputs and one undesirable output, namely NPAs. Due to their inherent technological heterogeneity, public sector banks (PSBs) and private banks (PVBs) have been analysed as separate groups. Balanced panels of 26 PSBs and 18 PVBs are constructed from 2010-2011 to 2016-2017. The results indicate a considerable scope of improvement in the productive performance of both categories of banks. The break-up of overall inefficiency into input- and output-specific components reveals some stimulating information. For PSBs, the inefficiencies primarily result due to physical capital, while for PVBs they emerge mainly from other incomes. However, NPAs are also a key contributor to inefficiency for both the categories of banks. The inefficiency scores also indicate that, across ownership categories, medium-sized banks are poorer performers than their smaller and larger counterparts.

JEL: C14, C61, D24, G21

27:T49c,

This article identifies the nature of gendered digital divides between male and female yo