This presentation describes US efforts to enhance educational opportunity for all of its citizens by ending segregation and expanding minority enrolment. It traces the history of these efforts from 1964 through 2004 and addresses the question of who was responsible for expanding minority enrolment and how this expansion was accomplished. Programmes to support minority admission, retention, and graduation are described, as well as instructional techniques for promoting learning among minority students.
American Council on Education (2003) Minorities in higher education: Annual status report, Washington DC: American Council on Education.
2.
AndersonJ (2001) ‘Tailoring assessment to student learning styles: A model for diverse populations’, in SuskieL (ed), Assessment to promote deep learning, Washington, DC: American Association for Higher Education, pp 82–6.
3.
AngeloTCrossK P (1991) Classroom assessment techniques: A handbook for college teachers, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
4.
ArendaleD R (2000) ‘Effect of administrative placement and fidelity of implementation of the model on effectiveness of Supplemental Instruction programs’, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Missouri—Kansas City.
5.
BanksJCooksonPGayGHawleyWIrvineJNietoSShofieldJStephenW (2001) ‘Diversity within unity: Essential principles for teaching and learning in a multicultural society’, Phi Delta Kappan, vol 83, pp 196–202.
6.
BoulardG (2004, May) ‘College access still tied to income…’, Black Issues in Higher Education, vol 21(7), p 6.
7.
BoylanH RBonhamB SClaxtonCBlissL (1992, November) The state of the art in developmental education: Report of a national study, Presented at the 1st National Conference on Research in Developmental Education, Charlotte, NC.
8.
BoylanH R (1995) ‘The scope of developmental education: Some basic information on the field’, Research in Developmental Education, vol 12(4), 1–4.
9.
BoylanH R (1999) ‘Harvard Symposium, 2000: Developmental education demographics, outcomes, and activities', Journal of Developmental Education, vol 23(2), pp 2–8.
10.
BoylanH R (2002) What works: Research–based best practices in developmental education, Boone, NC: Continuous Quality Improvement Network/National Center for Developmental Education.
11.
BryantW (2004, October) ‘Fellows' banquet keynote address’, National College Learning Center Association Conference, Baltimore, MD.
12.
BrubacherJ SRudyW (1976) Higher education in transition: A history of American colleges and universities, 1636–1976, New York, NY: Harper and Row.
13.
CasazzaMSilvermanS (1996) Learning assistance and developmental education, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
14.
Chronicle of Higher Education (August 26, 1992) ‘The nation: College enrolment by racial and ethnic group’, (Almanac) p 11.
15.
Chronicle of Higher Education (August 29, 2003) The nation: College enrolment by racial and ethnic group’, (Almanac) p 12.
16.
CohenA MBrawerF B (1989) The American community college, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
17.
CrossK P (1971) Beyond the open door, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
18.
CrossK P (1976) Accent on learning, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
19.
FlemingJ (1981) ‘Special needs of Blacks and other minorities’, in ChickeringA (ed), The modern American college, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass, pp 279–95.
20.
FlemingJ (1984) Blacks in college, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
21.
FulliloveRTriesmanU (1992) ‘Mathematics achievement among African-American undergraduates at the University of California – Berkeley’, Journal of Negro Education, vol 59, pp 463–78.
22.
GarlandM (1993) ‘The Mathematics workshop model: An interview with Uri Treisman’, Journal of Developmental Education, vol 16(3), 14–22.
23.
GurinPEppsG (1975) Black consciousness, identity and achievement, New York: Wiley.
GreenM F (1989) Minorities on campus: A handbook for enhancing diversity, Washington DC: American Council on Education.
26.
GrubbN (1999) Honored but invisible: An inside look at community college teaching, New York: Routledge.
27.
HaycockK (2003) ‘Toward a fair distribution of teacher talent’, Educational Leadership, vol 60 (4), pp 11–15.
28.
HebelS (2004, May 14) ‘Segregation's legacy still troubles campuses’, Chronicle of Higher Education, pp A24–7.
29.
HollinsE R (1996) ‘Culture in school learning: Revealing the deep meaning’, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
30.
KnoppL (1996) Remedial education: An undergraduate profile, American Council on Education Research Briefs, vol 6(8), pp 3–11.
31.
LavinDHyllegardD (1996) Changing the odds: Open admissions and the life changes of the disadvantaged, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
32.
MaxwellM (1997) Improving student learning skills, Clearwater, FL: H and H Publishing.
33.
McCabeR (2000) No-one to waste: A report to public decision makers and community college leaders, Washington, DC: Community College Press.
34.
McCabeR (2003) Yes we can: A community college guide for developing the nation's under-prepared, Phoenix, AZ: League for Innovation in the Community College.
35.
McKeachieW J (2002) Teaching tips: Strategies, research, and theory for college and university professors, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
36.
McPhailI PMcPhailC J (1999, September) Transforming classroom practice for African American learners: Implications for the learning paradigm, Washington DC: The American Association of Community Colleges, pp 25–35.
37.
McPhailI P (2002) ‘Culture, style, and cognition’, in JonesL (ed), Making it on broken promises, Sterling, Virginia: Stylus, pp 107–32.
38.
MyersCJonesT B (1993) Promoting active learning: Strategies for the college classroom, San Francisco: Jossey–Bass.
39.
National Center for Education Statistics (1985) The condition of education, Washington DC: US Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
40.
NEA Today (2004, May) 50 years of progress – and struggle, NEA Today, vol 22(8), pp 22–29.
41.
NoelLLevitzRSaluriD and Associates (1985) Increasing student retention: Effective programmes and practices for reducing the dropout rate, San Francisco, CA: Jossey–Bass.
42.
OgbuJ USimonH D (1998, June) ‘Voluntary and involuntary minorities: A cultural–ecological theory of school performance with some implications for education’, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, vol 29, pp 155–88.
43.
RichardsonRde los SantosA G (1988) Helping minority students graduate from college: A comprehensive approach, Washington DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education.
44.
SchmidtP (1999, May) ‘University of Michigan prepared to defend admissions policy in court’, Chronicle of Higher Education, p A32.
45.
SedlacekW E (1987) ‘Black students on white campuses: 20 years of research’, Journal of College Student Personnel, vol 24(1), pp 484–95.
46.
TatumB (2000) ‘The ABC approach to creating climates of engagement on diverse campuses’, Liberal Education, vol 86(4), pp 22–30.
47.
TintoV (1993) Leaving college: The causes and cures of student attrition, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
48.
TintoV (1998) ‘Learning centers and the reconstruction of remedial education in higher education’, presented at Conference on Replacing Remediation in Higher Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
49.
TriesmanU (1992) ‘Studying students studying calculus: A look at the lives of minority students in college’, The College Mathematics Journal, vol 23, pp 363–72.
