This commentary examines two principal forms of inequality and their evolution since the 1960s: the division of national income between capital and labour, and the share of total income held by the top 1 per cent of earners. Trends are linked to current discussions of inequality drivers such as financialisation, and a brief time-series analysis of the effects of trade and financial sector growth on top incomes is presented.
AldersonA.NielsenF.2002. ‘Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD Countries’, American Journal of Sociology107(5): 1244–99.
2.
AtkinsonA.B.2009. ‘Factor shares: The principal problem of political economy?’, Oxford Review of Political Economy25(1): 3–16.
3.
BeckfeldJ.2004. ‘Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence’, Journal of Health and Social Behavior55(2): 231–48.
4.
BeckfeldJ.2006. ‘European integration and income inequality’, American Journal of Sociology71(6): 964–85.
5.
CalvertE.NolanB.FaheyT.HealyD.MulcahyA.MaitreB.NorrisM.O' DonnellI.WinstonN.WhelanC.T.2013. Growing Inequalities and Their Impacts in Ireland. Seventh Framework Programme. Dublin: University College Dublin, http://gini-research.org/system/uploads/508/original/Ireland.pdf?1373966416, accessed 2 June 2014.
6.
DaudeyE.García-PenalosaC.2007. ‘The personal and factor distribution of income in a cross-section of countries’, The Journal of Development Studies, 43(5): 812–29.
7.
DeatonA.2001. ‘Health, inequality, and economic development’, NBER Working Paper No. 8318, www.nber.org/papers/w8318.
8.
DecreuseB.MaarekP.2008. ‘Foreign direct Investment and the labor share in developing countries: A theory and some evidence’, Groupment de Recherche en Economie Quantitative d'Aix-Marseille, UMR-CNRS 6579, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11224/, accessed 4 February 2013.
EbbinghausB.GobelC.KoosS.2011. ‘Social capital, “Ghent” and workplace contexts matter: Comparing union membership in Europe’, European Journal of Industrial Relations17(2): 107–24.
11.
European Commission2007. Employment in Europe 2007. Belgium: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
International Labour Organisation2013. Global Wage Report 2012/2013: Wages and Equitable Growth. Geneva: International Labour Office.
21.
KondoN.SembajweG.KawachiI.van DamR. M.SubramanianS.V.YamagataZ.2009. ‘Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: Meta analysis of multilevel studies’, British Medical Journal339, www.bmj.com/content/bmj/339/bmj.b4471.full.pdf, accessed 14 July 2014.
22.
KristalT.2010. ‘Good times, bad times: Postwar labor's share of national income in capitalist democracies’, American Sociological Review75(5): 729–63.
23.
KristalT.2013. ‘The capitalist machine: Computerization, workers' power, and the decline in labor's share within US industries’, American Sociological Review78(3): 361–89.
24.
KusB.2012. ‘Financialisation and income inequality in OECD nations: 1995–2007’, The Economic and Social Review43(4): 477–95.
25.
LankerC.MilanovicB.2013. Global Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession. Washington DC: World Bank.
26.
McCloskeyD.1988. ‘The limits of expertise: If you're so smart, why ain't you rich?’, The American Scholar57(3): 393–406.
27.
NolanB.2007. ‘Long-term trends in top income shares in Ireland’, pp. 501–30 in AtkinsonA.B.PikettyT. (eds), Top Incomes Over the Twentieth Century: A Contrast Between Continental European and English-Speaking Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ScruggsL.AllenJ.2006. ‘Welfare-state decommodification in 18 OECD countries: A replication and revision’, Journal of European Social Policy16(1): 55–71.
35.
SoltFrederick2009. ‘Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database’, Social Science Quarterly90(2): 231–42. SWIID Version 4.0, September 2013.
36.
StockhammerE.2012. Why Have Wage Shares Fallen? A Panel Analysis of the Determinants of Functional Income Distribution. International Labour Organisation (ILO) Project ‘New Perspectives On Wages And Economic Growth. Geneva: International Labour Office.
37.
ThompsonP.2003. ‘Disconnected capitalism: Or why employers can't keep their side of the bargain’, Work, Employment and Society17(2): 359–78.
38.
VisserJ.2011. Database on Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts, 1960–2010 (ICTWSS). University of Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS).
39.
VolschoT.W.KellyN.J.2012. ‘The rise of the super-rich: Power resources, taxes, financial markets, and the dynamics of the top 1 percent, 1949 to 2008’, American Sociological Review77(5): 679–99.
40.
WilkinsonR.PickettK.2010. The Spirit Level: Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Penguin.