Technology and globalization have come to be intertwined forces, fuelled by present-day ideas about innovation and entrepreneurship. Among the outcomes of this process has been the institutionalization of innovation centres worldwide, particularly since 1985. The spread of innovation centres has interesting global patterns: some countries lead by size, others by pioneering this trend. Based on a comprehensive worldwide survey of innovation centres, the authors analyse the patterns of global diffusion of this institutional form.
AbettiP. (2004), ‘Government-supported incubators in the Helsinki region, Finland: Infrastructure, results, and best practices’, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol 29, No 1, pp 19–40.
2.
AdamsS. B. (2005), ‘Stanford and Silicon Valley: Lessons on becoming a high-tech region’, California Management Review, Vol 48, No 1, pp 29–51.
3.
AdegbiteO. (2001), ‘Business incubators and small enterprise development: The Nigerian experience’, Small Business Economics, Vol 17, No 3, pp 157–166.
4.
AertsK.MatthyssensP.VandenbemptK. (2007), ‘Critical role and screening practices of European business incubators’, Technovation, Vol 27, pp 254–267.
5.
AudiaP. G.RiderC. I. (2005), ‘A garage and an idea: What more does an entrepreneur need?’California Management Review, Vol 48, No 1, pp 6–28.
6.
AudretschD. B.FeldmanM. P. (1996), ‘R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production’, American Economic Review, Vol 86, pp 630–640.
7.
BeckerB.GassmannO. (2006), ‘Corporate incubators: Industrial R&D and what universities can learn from them’, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol 31, No 4, pp 469–484.
8.
BoliJ.ThomasG. M. (1997), ‘World culture in the world polity’, American Sociological Review, Vol 62, pp 171–190.
9.
BoliJ.ThomasG. M. (1999), Constructing World Culture: International Non-Governmental Organizations since 1875, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.
10.
BresnahanT.GambardellaA., eds (2006), Building High-Tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
11.
CarlssonB.StankiewiczR. (1991), ‘On the nature, function and composition of technological systems’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol 1, No 2, pp 93–118.
12.
ChanK. F.LauT. (2005), ‘Assessing technology incubator programs in the science park: The good, the bad and the ugly’, Technovation, Vol 25, No 10, pp 1215–1228.
13.
ColomboM. G.DelmastroM. (2002), ‘How effective are technology incubators? Evidence from Italy’, Research Policy, Vol 31, No 7, pp 1103–1122.
14.
DroriG. S. (2008), ‘Technology globalization: Between the “digital divide” and the “innovation divide”’, Stanford Journal of International Relations, Vol 9, No 1, pp 38–47.
15.
EdquistC. (1997), Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, Routledge, London.
16.
EdquistC. (2005), ‘Systems of innovation: Perspectives and challenges’, in FagerbergJ.MoweryD. C.NelsonR. R., eds, The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 181–208.
17.
EnsleyM. D.HmieleskiK. M. (2005), ‘A comparative study of new venture top management team composition, dynamics and performance between university-based and independent start-ups’, Research Policy, Vol 34, pp 1091–1105.
18.
EtzkowitzH.LeydesdorffL. (2000), ‘The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and “mode 2” to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations’, Research Policy, Vol 29, No 2, pp 109–123.
19.
FeldmanM. P. (2001), ‘Where science comes to life: University bioscience, commercial spin-offs, and regional economic development’, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Vol 2, pp 345–361.
20.
FreemanC. (1995), ‘The “national system of innovation” in historical perspective’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol 19, No 1, pp 5–24.
21.
FurmanJ. L.HayesR. (2004), ‘Catching up or standing still? national innovation productivity among “follower” countries, 1978–1999’, Research Policy, Vol 33, pp 1329–1354.
22.
GibbonsM.LimogesC.NowotnyH.SchwartzmanS.ScottP.TrowM. (1994), The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, Sage, London.
23.
GrimaldiR.GrandiA. (2005), ‘Business incubators and new venture creation: An assessment of incubating models’, Technovation, Vol 25, No 2, pp 111–121.
24.
HuA. G. (2007), ‘Technology parks and regional economic growth in China’, Research Policy, Vol 36, No 1, pp 76–87.
25.
HughesM.IrelandR. D.MorganR. E. (2007), ‘Stimulating dynamic value: Social capital and business incubation as a pathway to competitive success’, Long Range Planning, Vol 40, No 2, pp 154–177.
26.
KnoppL. (2007), 2006 State of the Business Incubation Industry, National Business Incubation Association, Athens, OH.
27.
LeslieS. W. (2001), ‘Regional disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York's capital region’, Technology and Culture, Vol 42, No 2, pp 236–264.
28.
LeslieS. W.KargonR. H. (1996), ‘Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman's model for regional advantage’, Business History Review, Vol 70, pp 435–472.
29.
Library House (2006), The Supercluster Question, The Cambridge Cluster Report 2006, Library House, Cambridge.
30.
LöfstenH.LindelöfP. (2002), ‘Science parks and the growth of new technology-based firms – academic-industry links, innovation and markets’, Research Policy, Vol 31, No 6, pp 859–876.
31.
MarquesJ. P. C.CaraçaJ. M. G.DizH. (2006), ‘How can university–industry–government interactions change the innovation scenario in Portugal? The case of the University of Coimbra’, Technovation, Vol 26, No 4, pp 534–542.
32.
MianS. A. (1996), ‘Assessing value-added contributions of university technology business incubators to tenant firms’, Research Policy, Vol 25, No 3, pp 325–335.
33.
MooreG.DavisK. (2006), ‘Learning the Silicon Valley way’, in BresnahanT.GambardellaA., eds, Building High-Tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 7–39.
34.
OakleyR. P. (2003), ‘Technical entrepreneurship in high technology small firms: Some observations on the implications for management’, Technovation, Vol 23, No 8, pp 679–688.
35.
PenaI. (2004), ‘Business incubation centers and new firm growth in the Basque country’, Small Business Economics, Vol 22, pp 223–236.
36.
PetersL.RiceM.SundararajanM. (2004), ‘The role of incubators in the entrepreneurial process’, The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol 29, No 1, pp 83–91.
37.
SachsJ. (2003), ‘The global innovation divide’, in JaffeA. B.LernerJ.SternS., eds, Innovation Policy and the Economy, National Bureau of Economic Research/MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 131–155.
38.
SaxenianA. (1994), Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
39.
SchultzT. W. (1961), ‘Investment in human capital’, American Economic Review, Vol 51, pp 1–16.
