Pests and diseases attacking oilseed crops are generally controlled by synthetic pesticides. As an effective, economical and eco-friendly alternative to these chemicals, plant products in the form of crude materials (water/solvent extract, oil, cake) and formulations (commercial pesticides) prepared from indigenous plants have been recommended for plant protection. A product may act as an antifeedant, repellent, oviposition deterrent, growth regulator or as a contact pesticide for the life stages of insects. The inhibition of spore germination and the growth of pathogens constitute an important mode of action against disease infection. Improvements in the quality of seed, production of chemical-free oil and an increase in crop productivity are possible benefits to farmers. In India, 33 plants have been exploited to extract bioactive components whose bioefficacy against pests and diseases of oilseed crops is equal to or greater than that of chemicals. Extension activities and government support for the use of botanicals in plant protection would benefit farmers and consumers, and would also encourage international trade.
AmareshY. S., and NargundV. B. (2003), ‘Antifungal activity of some plant extracts on Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki and Nishihara causing leaf blight of sunflower’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 31, pp 129–130.
2.
AmareshY. S.NargundV. B., and SomasekharB. (2002), ‘Efficacy of botanicals and fungitoxicants against Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki and Nishihara, the causal agent of sunflower leaf blight’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 30, pp 55–58.
3.
AwcharS. L.SatputeU. S.SarnaikS. N., and SarodeD. B. (1995), ‘Effect of certain chemical and botanical insecticides on some beneficial insects associated with mustard’, Journal of Biological Control, Vol 9, pp 13–15.
4.
BajpaiN. K., and SehgalV. K. (2003), ‘Morphogenetic effect of botanicals on the three day old larvae of Helicoverpa armigera’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 65, pp 474–482.
5.
BasappaH., and LingappaS. (2002), ‘Persistent toxicity of botanical insecticides against castor semilooper, Achaea janata Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 30, pp 187–190.
6.
BasappaH., and LingappaS. (2005), ‘Field evaluation of Clerodendrum inerme against castor semilooper, Achaea janata and its safety to larval parasitoid, Microplitis maculipennis’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 33, pp 223–225.
7.
BasuP. B. S.NairM. S., and SumithaB. (1997), ‘Antifeedant and insecticidal effects of some plant extracts against castor semilooper, Achaea janata Linn.’, Journal of Insect Science, Vol 10, pp 179–180.
8.
BhanukiranY.RaoP. A., and RaoK. T. (1997), ‘Effect of certain chemicals and their combinations on natural enemies of Spodoptera litura (F.) in groundnut’, Pesticide Research Journal, Vol 9, pp 238–240.
9.
BhathalS. S., and SinghD. (1999), ‘Effects of extracts from Inula racemosa and Saussurea lappa on development and reproduction of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)’, Journal of Insect Science, Vol 12, pp 134–137.
10.
BhathalS. S.SinghD., and DhillonR. S. (1994), ‘Insecticidal activity of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. against Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach’, Journal of Insect Science, Vol 7, pp 35–36.
11.
ChakrabortyS. (2001), ‘Neem-based management approaches for mustard insect pests’, Journal of Entomological Research, Vol 25, pp 213–220.
12.
RaoN. B. V. ChalapathiRamanG. T., and GourT. B. (2000), ‘Efficacy of selected new insecticides against Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on sunflower’, Pestology, Vol 24, No 5, pp 25–27.
13.
ChandH., and SinghS. (2004), ‘Effect of plant extracts on alternaria blight of mustard, Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 32, pp 143–144.
14.
ChattopadhyayC., and ShastryR. Kalpana (2002), ‘Combining viable disease control tools for management of sesame stem rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 30, pp 132–138.
15.
ChattopadhyayA.MeenaP. D., and MeenaR. L. (2004), ‘Integrated management of Sclerotia rot of Indian mustard’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 32, pp 88–92.
16.
ChattopadhyayC., and VaraprasadK. S. (2001), ‘Potential of bioagents in castor wilt management’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 29, pp 1–7.
17.
DesaiS.BagwanN. B., and YeoleR. D. (2004), ‘Effect of mustard cake extract on Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. causing stem rot in groundnut and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, a common biocontrol agent’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 32, pp 158–159.
18.
DevakiK., and KrishnayyaP. V. (2004), ‘Combination effect of three proprietory formulations of Bt with neem against Spodoptera litura (Fab.)’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 32, pp 34–36.
19.
DubeyA.GuptaR., and ChandelB. S. (2004), ‘Efficacy of Acorus calamus, Vitex negundo and Ageratum conyzoides against tobacco caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua Walker’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 66, pp 238–240.
20.
GahukarR. T. (1995), Neem in Plant Protection, Agri-Horticultural Publishing House, Nagpur, India, p 195.
21.
GahukarR. T. (1998), ‘Commercial and industrial aspects of neem-based pesticides’, Pestology, Vol 22, No 10, pp 15–41.
22.
GahukarR. T. (2003), ‘Issues relating to the patentability of biotechnological subject matter in Indian agriculture’, Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, Vol 8, pp 9–22.
23.
GautamK.RaoP. B., and ChauhanS. V. S. (2003), ‘Insecticidal properties of some plants of family Asteraceae against Spilosoma obliqua’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 65, pp 363–367.
24.
GirijashankarV., and ThayumanavanB. (2005), ‘Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts for their in vitro fungitoxicity against certain soil borne pathogens’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 33, pp 111–114.
25.
GuptaM. P. (2003), ‘Comparative efficacy of neem products and endosulfan against major insect pests of sesame’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 31, pp 96–97.
26.
JaglanM. S.KhokharK. S.MalikM. S., and TayaJ. S. (1997), ‘Standardization of method of extraction of bioactive components from different plants of insecticidal properties’, Indian Journal of Agricultual Sciences, Vol 31, pp 167–173.
27.
JayakumarM.RajaN., and IgnacimuthuS. (2004), ‘Evaluation of plant extracts for the management of groundnut pests’, Journal of Entomological Research, Vol 28, pp 321–327.
28.
JayashankarV., and JesudasanR. W. A. (2005), ‘Insecticidal properties of novel botanicals against a few lepidopteran pests’, Pestology, Vol 29, No 11, pp 42–44.
29.
JohriR.PandeyU. K.PandeyN. D., and JohriP. K. (1995), ‘Effect of certain phytotoxins on the grubs of mustard saw fly, Athalia proxima Klug. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 59, pp 395–400.
30.
KarunanithiK.UsmanK. Mohamed, and DurairajP. (2000), ‘Management of phyllody disease of sesamum’, Pestology, Vol 24, No 1, pp 44–45.
31.
KaulO., and ShankarJ. S. (1995), ‘Systemic uptake of azadirachtin into Ricinus communis and its effect on Spodoptera litura larvae’, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 33, pp 865–867.
32.
KaurV. D.SinghG., and SinghD. (2005), ‘Effect of feeding Melia extracts from different locations to adults of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) on their fecundity’, Journal of Entomological Science, Vol 18, pp 81–82.
33.
KishoreG. Krishna, and PandeS. (2005), ‘Integrated management of late leaf spot and rust diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with Prosopis julifera leaf extract and chlorothelonil’, International Journal of Pest Management, Vol 51, pp 327–334.
34.
KumarL., and ParmarB. S. (2000), ‘Effect of emulsion size and shelf life of azadirachtin on the bioefficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) emulsifiable concentrate’, Journal of Agriculture & Food Chemistry, Vol 48, pp 3666–3672.
35.
KushwahaI. K.SinghS. D., and SinghO. P. (2000), ‘Popularization of sunflower cultivation in district Budaun’, Indian Farmers' Digest, Vol 33, No 8, pp 32–34.
36.
MalikY. P.SinghS. V., and PandeyN. D. (1996), ‘Field evaluation of some plant extracts and insecticides against mustard budfly, Dasyneura lini.’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 58, pp 32–35.
37.
ManimegalaiN. (1996), ‘Field evaluation of different plant products against sesamum shoot webber and pod borer, Antigastra catalaunalis’, Pestology, Vol 20, No 9, pp 31–32.
38.
RaoB. Manmadhav, and KrishnayyaP. V. (1997), ‘Response of Spodoptera litura (Fb.) larvae to insecticide baits in the presence of neem oil treated/untreated castor leaves’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 25, pp 62–64.
39.
MeenaR. L., and JainK. L. (2002), ‘Fungicides and plant products in managing white rust of Indian mustard caused by Albugo candida (Pers ex. Lev.) Kuntz.’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 30, pp 210–212.
40.
MeenaR. L.MeenaP. D., and ChattopadhyayD. (2003), ‘Potential for biocontrol of white rust of Indian mustard’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 31, pp 120–123.
41.
NairC. P. R.RajanP., and MohanC. (2005), ‘Coconut eriophyiid mite, Aceria guerreronis keifer: an overview’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 33, pp 1–10.
42.
NandgopalV., and RajgopalK. (1996), ‘Feeding site preference for sucking pests on groundnut and the effect of neem products on the Balclutha hortensis Lindb.’, Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol 9, pp 345–348.
43.
ObulapathyK.RaoP. KameshwaraPadmavalammaK., and ReddyK. Subramanyam (2000), ‘Efficacy of certain botanical and biopesticides in the control of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on groundnut’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 28, pp 165–168.
44.
ParmarP. D.VyasH. J., and RathodR. R. (2004), ‘Efficacy and economics of insecticides against castor leafhopper, Jacobiasca furcostylus (Ramakrishnan & Menon)’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 32, pp 135–137.
45.
PatilR. K.PayarS. G.HiremathI. G.BassappaH., and PatilB. R. (1997), ‘Effect of different plant products on safflower aphid, Dactynotus carthami, and its natural predator, Chysoperla carnea’, Journal of Oilseeds Research, Vol 14, pp 71–74.
46.
PrabhakarM.RaoK.ReddyS. K., and SrimanarayanaG. (1994), ‘Effect of botanical pesticides on groundnut leaf miner, Aproaerema modicella (Dev.)’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 56, pp 305–307.
47.
PrabhakarM.RaoM. Srinivasa, and PrasadY. G. (2003), ‘Evaluation of bio-intensive integrated pest management modules against castor semilooper, Achaea janata Linn.’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 31, pp 56–58.
48.
RaguramanS., and SinghR. P. (1998), ‘Behavioral and physiological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts on larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor’, Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol 24, pp 1241–1250.
49.
RaguramanS., and SinghR. P. (1999), ‘Biological effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil on an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis’, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 92, pp 1274–1280.
50.
RamamanickamK.RamarajK., and SridharanC. S. (1997), ‘Efficacy of insecticides and botanicals against groundnut leafhopper, Empoasca kerri Pruthi’, Pestology, Vol 21, No 8, pp 21–24.
51.
RamanG. V.RaoM. Srinivasa, and SrimannarayanaG. (2000), ‘Efficacy of botanical formulation from Annona squamosa Linn. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. against semilooper, Achaea janata Linn. infesting castor in the field’, Journal of Entomological Research, Vol 24, pp 235–238.
52.
RamanjaneyuluK. V.RaoP. Arjuna, and VijayalakshmiK. (2004), ‘Relative toxicity of lufenuron and certain insecticides against the natural enemies of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) infesting groundnut’, Pestology, Vol 28, No 5, pp 19–22.
53.
RamarajuK.RajamanickamK., and SridharanC. S. (1998), ‘Efficacy of insecticides and botanicals against pests of groundnut’, Pestology, Vol 22, No 8, pp 27–30.
54.
RamarethinamS.LoganathanS.MarimuthuS., and MurugesanN. V. (1997b), ‘Studies on the evaluation of neem oil based EC formulation (0.03% azadirachtin) on the semilooper caterpillar, Achaea janata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infesting castor plant, Ricinus communis’, Pestology, Vol 21, No 1, pp 9–14.
55.
RamarethinamS., and MarimuthuS. (1998), ‘Effect of neem extracts on the morphogenesis of caterpillars of Pericallia ricini (F.) (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera)’, Pestology, Vol 22, No 11, pp 15–18.
56.
RamarethinamS.MarimuthuS., and MurugesanN. V. (2000), ‘Studies on the effect of Hirsutella thompsonii K. and neem derivative in the control of coconut eriophyiid mite, Aceria (Eriophyes) guerreronis (K.)’, Pestology, Vol 24, No 2, pp 3–8.
57.
RamarethinamS.MarimuthuS.MurugesanN. V., and ViswanathanS. R. (1997a), ‘Efficacy of neem derivatives on the wooly bear, Pericallia ricini (F.) (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera)’, Pestology, Vol 21, No 5, pp 19–22.
58.
RamarethinamS.MurugesanN. V., and MarimuthuS. (2003), ‘Studies on the effect of biologicals in the control of coconut eriophyid mite, Aceria (Eriophyes) guerreronis (Keifer)’, Pestology, Vol 27, No 7, pp 11–16.
59.
RaoK. R. (2003), ‘Influence of host plant nutrition on the incidence of Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armigera on groundnut’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 65, pp 386–392.
60.
RathodA. T.TandaleM. B.AherkarS. K., and LandeG. K. (2002), ‘Bioefficacy of herbal products against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) and its parasite, Diaeretiella rapae’, Pestology, Vol 26, No 6, pp 17–19.
61.
RaveendranN.SelvanarayananV.GaneshanS., and RamanK. (1998), ‘Bioefficacy of certain botanical formulations against the groundnut leaf miner, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera)’, Pestology, Vol 22, No 1, pp 26–28.
62.
ReddyK. S.RaoG. R.RaoP. A., and RajasekharP. (2004), ‘Effect of newer insecticides in suppressing incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in sunflower’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 66, pp 280–282.
63.
RohillaH. R.BhatnagarA. P., and YadavP. R. (2004), ‘Chemical control of mustard aphid with neem and conventional insecticides’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 66, pp 30–32.
64.
SahayarajK., and AmalrajA. (2005), ‘Impact of monocrotophos and neem oil mixture on defoliator management in groundnut’, Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Vol 3, pp 313–315.
65.
SahayarajK., and RajM. G. Paul (1998), ‘Screening of the relative toxicity of some plant extracts to Spodoptera litura Fab. (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of groundnut’, Fresenius Environment Bulletin, Vol 7, No 4, pp 557–560.
66.
SahayarajK., and SekarR. (1996), ‘Efficacy of plant extracts against tobacco caterpillar larvae in groundnut’, International Arachis Newsletter, Vol 16, p 38.
67.
SenguttuvanT., and DhanakodiC. V. (1997), ‘Management of pod borer in groundnut through manipulation of cultural practices in alfisols’, Journal of Oilseeds Research, Vol 14, pp 269–273.
68.
SenguttuvanK.KuttulamS.ManoharanT., and GunasekaranK. (2005a), ‘Investigation on azadirachtin content in Azadirachta indica A. Juss ecotypes of Tamil Nadu’, Pestology, Vol 29, No 1, pp 34–36.
69.
SenguttuvanK.KuttulamS.ManoharanT., and SrinivasanT. (2005b), ‘Bioefficacy of Melia dubia Cav. and neem products against major insect pests of tomato’, Pestology, Vol 29, No 1, pp 47–50.
70.
SidhuO. P.VishalK., and BehlH. M. (2004), ‘Variability in triterpenoids (nimbin and salanin) composition of neem among different provenances of India’, Industrial Crops Production, Vol 19, pp 69–75.
71.
SinghA. N., and KanaujiaK. R. (2003), ‘Residual toxicity of some biopesticides against Spilarctia obliqua (Walker) on castor’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 65, pp 297–298.
72.
SinghC. P. (1999), ‘Bioeficacy of Chetak vis-à-vis other neem formulations against Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) on mustard’, Pestology, Vol 23, No 9, pp 54–56.
73.
SinghK., and AryaH. (2001), ‘Insecticidal activity of petroleum ether extract of mustard seeds against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach’, Journal of Entomological Research, Vol 25, pp 235–238.
74.
SinghK. I., and SinghM. P. (2004), ‘Use of biorational insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in sunflower and their effect on foraging bees’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 66, pp 142–145.
75.
SinghU. C., and SinghR. (1997), ‘Effectiveness of plant products against sesame capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis and phyllody disease’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 59, pp 187–189.
76.
SrinivasT.RaoM. S.ReddyP. S., and ReddyP. N. (1997), ‘Integrated management of leaf spot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with botanicals and chemicals’, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflazenschultz, Vol 104, pp 528–530.
77.
SrinivasT.ReddyP. S., and RaoK. Chandrashekhara (2002), ‘Sustainable management of late leaf spot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in semi-arid tropics’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 30, pp 164–166.
78.
MurthyK. SrinivasaGaurT. B.ReddyD. D. R.BabuT. Ramesh, and ZaheerudeenS. M. (1994), ‘Effect of neem-based insecticides against coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella through root application’, Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol 22, pp 207–208.
79.
RaoM. SrinivasaVenkateshwarluB., and SankaramA. V. B. (1996), ‘Evaluation of neem and custard apple formulations against castor semilooper, Achaea janata Linn’, Pestology, Vol 20, No 8, pp 16–19.
80.
SrivastavaA.BhateriaS.GuleriaS., and DograI. (2005), ‘Evaluation of some plant extracts against Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)’, Journal of Insect Science, Vol 18, pp 98–99.
81.
SutharN. B.MilchandaniL. H., and PatelG. M. (1999), ‘Efficacy of some conventional and neem-based insecticides against whitegrub, Holotrichia consanguinea Blanchard in groundnut in north Gujarat’, Pestology, Vol 23, No 9, pp 30–34.
82.
ThiribhuvanamalaG., and NarasimhanV. (1998), ‘Efficacy of plant extracts on seed borne pathogens of sunflower’, Madras Agricultural Journal, Vol 85, p 227.
83.
TripathiM. K., and SinghH. N. (2003), ‘Synergistic potential of neem seed powder extract to susceptibility of several insecticides in Helicoverpa armigera larvae in India’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 65, pp 373–378.
84.
VekariaM. V., and PatelG. M. (2000), ‘Bioefficacy of botanicals and certain chemical insecticides and their combinations against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi’, Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol 62, pp 150–158.
85.
DeviP. S. VimalaPrasadY. G., and RajeshwariB. (1996), ‘Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and neem on castor defoliator, Achaea janata (Linnaeus) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)’, Journal of Biological Control, Vol 10, pp 67–71.
86.
WuH. L. (1986), ‘Determination of toxicity of some insecticides to Lycosa pseudoannulata and Apanteles cypris’, Natural Enemies of Insects, Vol 8, pp 230–231.
