Given the necessary involvement of government with the tourism product, accountability for government's expenditures of tax dollars is of increasing importance. This paper discusses the literature for three types of analyses that governments can use to ascertain the effectiveness of their spending of tax dollars to promote a tourism destination. The shortcomings and benefits for each method are discussed. Conclusions based on the type of method chosen require that the user understand the specific context, time horizon and their need for the study. For the case study presented in this paper, the context of a confined area, the time horizon of short-term and the need of finding out the economic impact of tourism for Kissimmee/ St Cloud, the I–O/SAM method is deemed optimal. A case study of Kissimmee/St Cloud, along with the results of the economic impact, is presented. Results of the study show that taxpayers are receiving a substantial return on their tax investment for the tax dollars spent.
AdamsP.ParmenterB. (1995), ‘An applied general equilibrium analysis of the economic effects of tourism in a quite small, quite open economy’, Applied Economics, Vol 27, pp 985–994.
2.
ArcherB. (1973), The Impact of Domestic Tourism, Bangor, University of Wales Press, Cardiff.
3.
ArcherB. (1985), ‘Tourism in Mauritius: An economic impact study with marketing implications’, Tourism Management, Vol 6, No 1, pp 50–54.
4.
ArcherB. (1995), ‘Importance of tourism in the economy of Bermuda’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 24, No 4, pp 918–930.
5.
ArcherB.FletcherJ. (1996), ‘The economic impact of tourism in the Seychelles’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, pp 32–47.
6.
BaumT. (1991), ‘Scope of the tourism industry and its employment impact in Ireland’, Services Industry Journal, Vol 11, pp 140–151.
BlakeA.SinclairT. (2003a), ‘Tourism crisis management, US response to September 11’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 30, No 4, pp 813–832.
9.
BlakeA.SinclairT. (2003b), ‘Quantifying the effects of foot-and-mouth disease on tourism and UK economy’, Tourism Economics, Vol 9, No 4, pp 449–465.
10.
BordenG.FletcherR.HarrisT. (1996), ‘Economic, resource and fiscal impacts of visitors on Washoe County, Nevada’, Journal of Travel Research, Winter, pp 75–80.
11.
BriassoulisH. (1991), ‘Methodological issues: Tourism input–output analysis’, Journal of Travel Research, XII (Winter), pp 8–10.
12.
BrownM.VarT.LeeS. (2002), ‘Messina Hof Wine and Jazz Festival: An economic impact analysis’, Tourism Economics, Vol 8, No 3, pp 274–279.
13.
BurganB.MulesT. (1992), ‘Economic impact of sporting events’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 19, pp 700–710.
14.
BurganB.MulesT. (2001), ‘Reconciling cost–benefit and economic impact assessment for event tourism’, Tourism Economics, Vol 7, No 4, pp 321–330.
15.
ChhabraD.SillsE.CubbageF. (2003), ‘The significance of festivals to rural economies: Estimating the economic impacts of Scottish Highlands Games in North Carolina’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 41, pp 421–427.
16.
CooperM.PigramJ. (1984), ‘Tourism and the Australian economy’, Tourism Management, Vol 5, No 1, pp 2–12.
17.
CromptonJ.LeeS.ShusterT. (2001), ‘A guide for undertaking economic impact studies: The Springfeld example’, Journal of Travel Research, August, pp 79–87.
18.
DanielsM. (2004), ‘Beyond input–output analysis: Using occupation-based modeling to estimate wages generated by a sport tourism event’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 43, No 1, pp 72–82.
19.
DwyerL.ForsythP.SpurrR. (2003), ‘Inter-industry effects of tourism growth: Implications for destinations managers’, Tourism Economics, Vol 9, No 2, pp 117–132.
20.
DwyerL.ForsythP.SpurrR. (2004), ‘The critical use of the input–output model’, Tourism Management, Vol 25, No 3, pp 307–317.
21.
DwyerL.ForsythP.SpurrR. (2005), ‘Estimating impacts of special events on an economy’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 43, No 4, pp 351–359.
22.
EadingtonW.R.RedmanM. (1991), ‘Economics and tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 18, pp 41–56.
23.
FletcherJ.ArcherB. (1991), ‘The development and application of multiplier analysis’, in CooperC., ed, Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol 1, Bellhaven, London.
24.
GrayH. (1982), ‘The contributions of economics to tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 9, pp 105–125.
25.
HefnerF.CrottsJ.FlowersJ. (2001), ‘The cost–benefit model as applied to tourism development in the state of South Carolina’, Tourism Economics, Vol 7, No 4, pp 163–175.
26.
HengT.LowL. (1990), ‘Economic impact of tourism in Singapore’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 17, pp 246–269.
27.
HenryE.DeaneB. (1997), ‘The contribution of tourism to the economy of Ireland in 1990 and 1995’, Tourism Management, Vol 18, No 8, pp 535–553.
28.
HunnC.ManganJ. (1999), ‘Estimating the economic impact of tourism at the local, regional and state or territory level, including consideration of the multiplier effect’, in Valuing Tourism: Methods and Techniques, Occasional Paper 28, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra.
29.
KhanH.SengC.CheongW. (1989), ‘The economic and social impact of tourism on Singapore’, in TisdellC.AislabeeC.StantonJ., eds, Economics of Tourism: Case Study and Analysis, University of Newcastle, Callaghan.
30.
LeeC.TaylorT. (2005), ‘Critical reflections on economic impact assessment of a mega-event: The case of 2002 FIFA World Cup’, Tourism Management, Vol 26, No 4, pp 595–603.
31.
LinT.SungY. (1983), ‘Hong Kong’, in PyeE.LinT., eds, Tourism in Asia: The Economic Impact, Singapore University Press, Singapore.
32.
LundbergD.StavengaM.KrishnamoorthyM. (1995), Tourism Economics, John Wiley, New York.
33.
MakJ. (2003), Tourism and the Economy, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
34.
MathiesonA.WallG. (1982), Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts, Longman, London.
35.
MillerR.BlairP. (1985), Input–Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
36.
Minnesota IMPLAN Group (1997), Implan Professional: Social Accounting and Impact Analysis Software, Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Stillwater, MN.
37.
MulesT.FaulknerB. (1996), ‘An economic perspective on special events’, Tourism Economics, Vol 2, No 2, pp 107–117.
38.
NarayanP. (2004), ‘Economic impact of tourism on Fiji's economy: Empirical evidence from the computable general equilibrium model’, Tourism Economics, Vol 10, No 4, pp 419–433.
39.
PanagariyaA.DuttaguptaR. (2001), ‘The “gains” from preferential trade liberalization in the CGE models: Where do they come from?’, in LahiriS., ed, Regionalism and Globalization: Theory and Practice, Routledge, London.
40.
PavaskarM. (1987), ‘Employment effects of tourism and the Indian experience’, Journal of Travel Research, pp 32–38.
41.
PollardD. (1976), ‘Antigua, West Indies: An example of the operation of the multiplier process arising from tourism’, Revue de Tourism, Vol 3, pp 30–34.
42.
RoseA.LiaoS. (2002), ‘Modeling regional economic resiliency to earthquakes: A computable general equilibrium analysis of water service disruptions’, in Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, EERI, Oakland, CA.
43.
RyanC. (1995), ‘Finance, flowers and festivals – a case study of little economic impact’, Tourism Economics, Vol 1, No 2, pp 183–194.
44.
SandlerT. (2001), Economic Concepts for the Social Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
45.
SinclairT.StablerM. (1997), The Economics of Tourism, Routledge, London.
46.
SongB.AhnC. (1983), ‘Korea’, in PyeE.LinT., eds, Tourism in Asia: The Economic Impact, Singapore University Press, Singapore.
47.
SugiyartoG.BlakeA.SinclairT. (2003), ‘Tourism and globalization, economic impact in Indonesia’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 30, No 3, pp 683–701.
48.
TyrrellT.JohnstonR. (2001), ‘A framework for assessing direct economic impacts of tourist events: Distinguishing origins, destinations and causes of expenditures’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 40, No 1, pp 94–100.
49.
UpnejaA.ShaferE.SeoW.YoonJ. (2001), ‘Economic benefits of sport fishing and angler wildlife watching in Pennsylvania’, Journal of Travel Research, Vol 40, No 1, pp 68–78.
50.
VanhoveN. (2005), The Economics of Tourism Destinations, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
51.
WagnerJ. (1997), ‘Estimating economic impacts of tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 24, No 3, pp 592–608.
52.
WanhillS. (1988), ‘Tourism multipliers and capacity constraints’, Service Industries Journal, Vol 8, pp 136–142.
53.
WestG. (1993), ‘Economic significance of tourism in Queensland’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 20, No 3, pp 490–504.
54.
ZhouD.YanagidaJ.ChakravortyU.LeungP. (1997), ‘Estimating economic impacts from tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 24, pp 76–89.
