An analysis was made of the contributions to increasing the productivity of crop–livestock systems by over 100 DFID-RNRRS research projects and relevant work carried out by ILRI and its partners in Sub-Saharan Africa. Important lessons and critical challenges were highlighted to inform future donor investment. It was concluded that integrating crop–livestock R&D in Sub-Saharan Africa remained an imperative if crop and livestock research were to have a lasting impact on reducing poverty, improving the livelihoods of small-scale crop–livestock farmers and encouraging national economic growth.
AlstonJ. (2002), ‘Spillovers’, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research and Resource Economics, Vol 48, pp 315–346.
2.
BlummelM.ZerbiniE.ReddyB. V. S.HashC. T.BidingerF.KhanA. A. (2003), ‘Improving the production and utilization of sorghum and millet as livestock feed: Progress towards dual-purpose genotypes’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 143–158.
3.
CGIAR Science Council (2005), Science for Agricultural Development: Changing Contexts, New Opportunities, Science Council Secretariat, Rome.
4.
DelgadoC.RosegrantM.SteinfeldH.EhuiS.CourboisC. (1999), Livestock to 2020: The Next Food Revolution, Food, Agriculture and Environment Discussion Paper 28, IFPRI, Washington, DC.
ElbashaE.ThorntonP. K.TarawaliG. (1999), An ex post Economic Impact Assessment of Planted Forages in West Africa, ILRI Impact Assessment Series 2, ILRI, Nairobi.
7.
FAO (2002), World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030, Summary Report, FAO, Rome.
8.
FranzelS.WambuguC.TuweiP. (2003), ‘The adoption and dissemination of fodder shrubs in central Kenya’AgRen Network Paper, No 131, ODI, London.
9.
HallA. J.YoganandB.SulaimanR. V.RainaS. RajeswariPrasadC. ShambuGuruC. NaikClarkN. G., eds (2004), Innovations in Innovation: Reflections on Partnership, Institutions and Learning, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh.
10.
IAC (2005), Realizing the Promise and Potential of African Agriculture, Inter-Academy Council Report, March, Website: www.interacademycouncil.net.
11.
KhanZ. R.Ampong-NyarkoK.ChiliswaP.HassanaliA.KimaniS.LwandeW.OverholtW. A.PickettJ. A.SmartL. E.WadhamsL. J.WoodcockC. M. (1997), ‘Intercropping increases parasitism of pests’Nature (London), Vol 388, pp 631–632.
12.
KristjansonP.TarawaliS.OkikeI.SinghB. B.ThorntonP. K.ManyongV.KruskaR. L.HoogenboomG. (2002), Genetically Improved Dual-Purpose Cowpea: Assessment of Adoption and Impact in the Dry Savannah Region of West Africa, ILRI Impact Assessment Series 9, Nairobi.
13.
KristjansonP. M.ZerbiniE. (1998), Genetic Enhancement of Sorghum and Millet Residues Fed to Ruminants: An ex-ante Assessment of Returns to Research, ILRI, Nairobi.
14.
LennéJ. M.Fernandez-RiveraS.BlümmelM. (2003), ‘Approaches to improve the utilization of food–feed crops – synthesis’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 213–222.
15.
LennéJ. M.ThomasD. (2005a), Identifying Options to Reduce Poverty and Enhance the Livelihoods of Small-Scale Crop–Livestock Producers in Sub-Saharan Africa, Output Report from R8444 for the DFID Crop Protection and Livestock Production Programmes, Aylesford, Website: www.cpp.uk.com.
16.
LennéJ. M.ThomasD. (2005b), ‘Opportunities for increasing productivity and reducing poverty through crop–livestock integration in sub-Saharan Africa’, in HarrisD.RichardsJ. I.SilversideP.WardA. F.WitcombeJ. R., eds, Pathways Out of Poverty, Aspects of Applied Biology, Vol 75, pp 99–108.
17.
LennéJ. M.ThomasD. (2005c), ‘Addressing poverty through crop–livestock integration: The contribution of past research to future challenges’, in RowlinsonP.WachirapakornC.PakdeeP.WanapatM., eds, Integrating Livestock–Crop Systems to Meet the Challenges of Globalization, AHAT/BSAS International Conference, 14–18 November, Khon Kaen, Thailand, pp 13–26.
18.
LennéJ. M.WoodD. (2004), ‘Is there a logic of fodder legumes in Africa?’Food Policy, Vol 29, pp 565–585.
19.
ManyongV. M.SaniR. M.KushwahaS.MakindeK. O. (1997), ‘Financial returns from alternative storage methods on crop residue in the Guinea savannas in West Africa’, paper presented at the 22nd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, 23–27 March.
20.
MurdochA. J.NjugunaJ. M.DorwardP. T.RomneyD.LukuyuB. A.MwangiD. M.OwenE. (2005), ‘Lessons learned in developing IPM options to improve maize forage yield and quality for small-scale dairy farmers in central Kenya’, in HarrisD.RichardsJ. I.SilversideP.WardA. F.WitcombeJ. R., eds, Pathways Out of Poverty, Aspects of Applied Biology, Vol 75, pp 53–60.
21.
MurdochA. J.NjugunaJ. M.LukuyuB.MusembiF.MwangiD. M.MainaJ. M.KivuvaB. M.MburuM. W. K.McLeodA. (2003), ‘Integrated pest management options to improve maize forage yield and quality for small-scale dairy farmers in central Kenya’, Aspects of Applied Biology, Vol 70, pp 1–7.
22.
NEPAD (2005), ‘Integrating livestock, forestry and fisheries sub-sector into the CAADP’, companion document to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, NEPAD, Nairobi.
23.
PandeS.BandyopadhyayR.BlummelM.RaoJ. NarayanaThomasD.NaviS. S. (2003), ‘Disease management factors influencing yield and quality of sorghum and ground-nut residues’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 89–104.
24.
PatersonR. T.KiruiroE.ArimiH. K. (1999), ‘Calliandra calothyrsus as a supplement for milk production in the Kenya highlands’, Tropical Animal Health and Production, Vol 31, pp 115–126.
25.
PetersM.LascanoC. E. (2003), ‘Forage technology adoption: Linking on-station research with participatory methods’, Tropical Grasslands, Vol 37, pp 179–188.
26.
RenardC., ed (1997), Crop Residues in Sustainable Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming Systems, CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
27.
RomneyD. L.ThorneP.LukuyuB.ThorntonP. K. (2003), ‘Maize as food and feed in intensive small-scale systems: Management options for improved integration in mixed farming systems of east and southern Africa’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 159–168.
28.
SinghB. B.AjeigheH. A.TarawaliS. A.Fernandez-RiveraS.AbubakarM. (2003), ‘Improving the production and utilization of cowpea as food and fodder’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 169–177.
29.
SmithJ. W.NaazieA.LarbiK.AgyemangK.TarawaliS. (1997), ‘Integrated crop–livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa: An option or an imperative?’Outlook on Agriculture, Vol 26, pp 237–253.
30.
TarawaliG.ManyongV. M.CarskyR. J.VissohP. V.Osei-BonsuP.GalibaM. (1999), ‘Adoption of improved fallows in West Africa: Lessons from mucuna and stylo studies’, Agroforestry Systems, Vol 47, pp 93–122.
31.
ThomasD. (2006), ‘Crop–animal systems in the tropics’, in ThorntonP., ed, Trans-Regional Analysis of Crop–Livestock Systems (in press), CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
32.
ThorneP. J.ThorntonP. K.KruskaR. L.ReynoldsL.WaddingtonS. R.RutherfordA. S.OderoA. N. (2002), Maize as Food, Feed and Fertilizer in Intensifying Crop–Livestock Systems in East and Southern Africa: An ex ante Impact Assessment of Technology Interventions to Improve Smallholder Welfare, ILRI Impact Assessment Series 11, Nairobi.
33.
ThorntonP. K.KristjansonP. M.ThorneP. J. (2003), ‘Measuring the potential impacts of improved food–feed crops: Methods for ex ante assessment’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 199–212.
34.
ThorntonP. K.KrushkaR. L.HenningerN.KristjansonP.ReidR. S.AtienoA. N.NdegwaT. (2002), Mapping Poverty and Livestock in the Developing World, ILRI, Nairobi.
35.
WanapatM.RowlinsonP. (2005), ‘Potential uses of cassava to provide ruminant feeds’, in RowlinsonP.WachirapakornC.PakdeeP.WanapatM., eds, Integrating Livestock–Crop Systems to Meet the Challenges of Globalization, AHAT/BSAS International Conference, 14–18 November, Khon Kaen, Thailand, pp 348–361.
36.
WandaK. (2003), ‘Marketing survey of the sweet potato sub-sector in central Uganda’, Report for the DFID Crop Post-Harvest Programme, Aylesford.
37.
ZerbiniE.ThomasD. (2003), ‘Opportunities for improvement of nutritive value in sorghum and pearl millet residues in South Asia through genetic enhancement’, Field Crops Research, Vol 84, pp 3–15.