The foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak significantly reduced tourism expenditures in the UK, as well as affecting the agricultural sector. This paper quantifies the effects of FMD on tourism, agriculture and all other sectors of the UK economy using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the UK economy. The results show that the FMD outbreak had larger adverse effects on GDP through reductions in tourism expenditures than through other effects. The implication for policy makers is that the roles of tourism-related sectors should be considered in the formulation of agricultural policy.
AdamsP.D.ParmenterB.P. (1995), ‘An applied general equilibrium analysis of the economic effects of tourism in a quite small, quite open economy’, Applied Economics, Vol 27, pp 985–994.
BlakeA. (2000), The Economic Effects of Tourism in Spain, Tourism and Travel Research Institute Discussion Paper 2000/2. Available from http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ttri/series.html.
4.
BlakeA.DurbarryR.SinclairM.T.SugiyartoG. (2001), Modelling Tourism and Travel Using Tourism Satellite Accounts and Tourism Policy and Forecasting Models, Tourism and Travel Research Institute Discussion Paper 2001/4. Available from http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/ttri/series.html.
5.
Blightman (2002), Domestic Tourism Prospects 2002, English Tourism Council, London.
6.
DEFRA (2002), UK Supplies and Total for Domestic Usage of all Carcase Meat, Bacon, Ham and Poultrymeat, and similar datasets for detailed commodities, Department for the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs, London.
7.
DEFRA/DCMS (2002), Economic Cost of Foot and Mouth Disease in the UK: A Joint Working Paper, Department for the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs and the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, London.
8.
DwyerL.ForsythP.MaddenJ.SpurrR. (2000), ‘Economic impacts of inbound tourism under different assumptions regarding the macroeconomy’, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol 3, No 4, pp 325–363.
9.
DwyerL.ForsythP.SpurrR.HoT. (2001), Effects on the NSW Economy of a Ten Per Cent Increase in the World Demand for Australian Tourism, mimeo.
10.
ONS, Input Output Tables for the UK 1990 (CD-ROM), Office for National Statistics United Kingdom, London.
11.
ONS, Input Output, Supply and Use Balances, 1992–96, Office for National Statistics United Kingdom, The Stationary Office, London.
12.
ONS, Input Output, Supply and Use Balances, 1998, Office for National Statistics United Kingdom, The Stationary Office, London.
13.
ONS, United Kingdom, Overseas Travel and Tourism, monthly press release, 2002, and other online publications, Office for National Statistics United Kingdom, London.
SugiyartoG.BlakeA.SinclairM.T. (2003), ‘Tourism and globalization: Economic impact in Indonesia’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 30, No 3, pp 683–701.
16.
WoodsA. (2000), ‘Foot and Mouth Disease in Britain: The history’, press release, Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, http://www.man.ac.uk.
17.
ZhouD.YanagidaJ.F.ChakravortyU.LeungP. (1997), ‘Estimating economic impacts of tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 24, No 1, pp 76–89.