Urothelial defects may manifest as various types of signs of symptoms such as frequency and urgency, haematuria and pain. Both prevention and treatment of urothelial damage is fundamental. Many currently adopted treatments lack robust clinical data and are associated with variability in management strategies. Glycosoaminoglycan (GAG) therapy is one of the most promising therapies in treatment of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced urothelium defects, and has been investigated in both animal models and clinical studies.
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