Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a neoplasm of small mature B lymphocytes, and is the most common leukemia in the Western hemisphere with an estimated 18,650 cases diagnosed in 2016 and almost 5,000 deaths. Kidney disease in patients with CLL may impact survival, and occurs through mechanisms such as leukemic infiltration, extra-renal obstruction, tumor lysis syndrome, glomerular disease, and medication side effects. Here, we review kidney disease associated with CLL and its treatments.
HowladerNNooneAMKrapchoMet al, eds.SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2013.
2.
SwerdlowSHCampoEHarrisNL. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC2008pp. 439.
3.
HallekMChesonBDCatovskyD. International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood2008111125446–5456.
4.
WierdaWGOBrienSWangX. Multivariable model for time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol201129314088–4095.
5.
RaiKRSawitskyACronkiteEPChananaAD. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood1975462219–234.
6.
BinetJLLeporrierMDighieroG. A clinical staging system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: prognostic significance. Cancer1977402855–864.
7.
FischerKBahloJFinkA-M. Extended follow up of the CLL8 protocol, a randomized phase-III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) comparing fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) to FC plus rituximab (FCR) for previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Results on survival, progression-free survival, delayed neutropenias and secondary malignancies confirm superiority of the FCR regimen. ASH Annu Meet Abstr2012120435.
8.
O'BrienSJonesJACoutreSE. Ibrutinib for patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion (RESONATE-17): a phase 2, open-label, multicentre study. Lancet Oncol201617101409–1418.
9.
GaltonDAWiltshawESzurL. The use of chlorambucil and steroids in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol19617173–98.
EichhorstBFinkA-MBuschR. Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine (F), cyclophosphamide (C), and rituximab (R)(FCR) versus bendamustine and rituximab (BR) in previously untreated and physically fit patients (pts) with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Results of a planned interim analysis of the cll10 trial, an international, randomized study of the german CLL study group (GCLLSG). Blood2013122526.
ByrdJCBrownJROBrienS. RESONATE Investigators. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med20143713213–223.
14.
FischerKCramerPBuschR. Bendamustine in combination with rituximab for previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter phase II trial of the German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol201230263209–3216.
15.
BadouxXCKeatingMJWangX. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab chemoimmunotherapy is highly effective treatment for relapsed patients with CLL. Blood2011117113016–3024.
16.
KeatingMJOBrienSAlbitarM. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol200523184079–4088.
17.
RummelMJAl-BatranSEKimSZ. Bendamustine plus rituximab is effective and has a favorable toxicity profile in the treatment of mantle cell and low-grade non-Hodgkins lymphoma. J Clin Oncol200523153383–3389.
18.
BurgerJATedeschiABarrPM. RESONATE-2 Investigators. Ibrutinib as Initial Therapy for Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med2015373252425–2437.
19.
FurmanRRSharmanJPCoutreSE. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med201437011997–1007.
20.
DyerMJZaniVJLuWZ. BCL2 translocations in leukemias of mature B cells. Blood199483123682–3688.
21.
RobertsADavidsSPagelJM. Targeting BCL2 with venetoclx in Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med20163744311–322.
22.
StratiPShanafeltTDMonoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis, natural history, and risk stratification. Blood20151264454–462.
23.
StratiPNasrSHLeungN. Renal complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Haematologica201510091180–1188.
24.
SchwartzJBShamsuddinAMThe effects of leukemic infiltrates in various organs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hum Pathol1981125432–440.
25.
BarcosMLaneWGomezGA. An autopsy study of 1206 acute and chronic leukemias (1958 to 1982). Cancer1987604827–837.
26.
UpretyDPetersonAShahBKRenal failure secondary to leukemic infiltration of kidneys in CLLa case report and review of literature. Ann Hematol2013922271–273.
JungleeNAShrikanthSSealeJRRapidly progressive renal failure due to chronic lymphocytic leukemia - Response to chlorambucil. Indian J Nephrol2012223217–220.
29.
ShethSAliSFishmanEImaging of renal lymphoma: patterns of disease with pathologic correlation. Radiographics20062641151–1168.
30.
LamAQHumphreysBDOnco-nephrology: AKI in the cancer patient. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol20127101692–1700.
31.
HowardSCJonesDPPuiCHThe tumor lysis syndrome. N Engl J Med2011364191844–1854.
32.
BlumKARuppertASWoyachJA. Risk factors for tumor lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol. Leukemia20112591444–1451.
33.
CoiffierBAltmanAPuiCHYounesACairoMSGuidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol200826162767–2778.
PrattGHardingSHolderR. Abnormal serum free light chain ratios are associated with poor survival and may reflect biological subgroups in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol20091442217–222.
36.
MaurerMJCerhanJRKatzmannJA. Monoclonal and polyclonal serum free light chains and clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood2011118102821–2826.
37.
AroraSLevitanDRegmiN. Cryoglobulinemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a case report and review of literature of renal involvement in CLL. Blood Cells Mol Dis2016607–11.
38.
MoulinBRoncoPMMougenotB. Glomerulonephritis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related B-cell lymphomas. Kidney Int1992421127–135.
39.
KofmanTZhangSYCopie-BergmanC. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoid disorders: a retrospective study of 18 cases. Medicine (Baltimore)20149324350–358http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4602440. Accessed May 23, 2017.
40.
BacchettaJJuillardLCochatP. Paraneoplastic glomerular diseases and malignancies. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology200970139–58.
41.
StratiPChaffeeKGAchenbachSJ. Renal insufficiency is an independent prognostic factor in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica20171021e22–e25.
42.
AymardBBeghouraRMolinaTJRenal infiltrate by a plasmocytoïd chronic B lymphocytic leukaemia and renal failure: A rare occurrence in nephropathology. A case report and review of the literature. Nephrol Ther20117479–87.
43.
YahataNKawanishiYOkabeS. Membranous glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Nephrol2000205402–407.
44.
GribbenJGZahriehDStephansK. Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantations for poor-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood2005106134389–4396.
45.
HingoraniSRenal complications of hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med2016374232256–2267.
46.
NasrSHShanafeltTDHansonCA. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Ann Diagn Pathol2015193130–136.
47.
SharmaSGNickeleitVHerlitzLC. BK polyoma virus nephropathy in the native kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant2013283620–631.
48.
TislerAPierratosALiptonJHCrescentic glomerulonephritis associated with p-ANCA positivity in fludarabine-treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant199611112306–2308.
49.
NunesRPassos-CoelhoJLMirandaN. Reversible acute renal failure following single administration of fludarabine. Bone Marrow Transplant2004336671–671.
50.
TimuraĝaoĝluAKaradoganIUndarLIrreversible renal failure in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine. Ann Hematol1999782109–110.
