To investigate orbital flow parameters of ophthalmic artery (OA) in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (XFG) by ultrasonography.
Methods
This case-control study included 38 patients with XFG and 32 healthy control subjects. Color Doppler imaging was performed to evaluate orbital flow parameters of OA. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to define the best cutoff value.
Results
In the XFG group, decreased peak systolic velocity (p = 0.114), end diastolic velocity (p = 0.002), and increased resistivity index (RI) (p<0.001) at OA compared to healthy controls were observed. A cutoff value 0.72 for OA RI was found to have a sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 94%.
Conclusions
The results support the findings of increased vascular resistance in OA XFG. High sensitivity and specificity obtained for OA RI may be useful in evaluation of future therapeutic vascular agents.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
RitchRExfoliation syndrome: the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma1994;3:176–7
2.
HelbigHSchlötzer-SchrehardtUNoskeWKellnerUFoersterMHNaumannGOAnterior-chamber hypoxia and iris vasculopathy in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ger J Ophthalmol1994; 3:148–53
3.
Schlötzer-SchrehardtUKüchleMNaumannGOElectron-microscopic identification of pseudoexfoliation material in extrabulbar tissue. Arch Ophthalmol1991;109:565–70
4.
ShimizuTChanges of iris vessels in capsular glaucoma: three-dimensional and electron microscopic studies. Jpn J Ophthalmol1985;29:434–52
5.
RepoLPTeräsvirtaMEKoivistoKJGeneralized transluminance of the iris and the frequency of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome in the eyes of transient ischemic attack patients. Ophthalmology1993;100:352–5
6.
HollóGLakatosPFarkasKCold pressor test and plasma endothelin-1 concentration in primary open-angle and capsular glaucoma. J Glaucoma1998;7:105–10
7.
MitchellPWangJJSmithWAssociation of pseudoexfoliation syndrome with increased vascular risk. Am J Ophthalmol1997;124:685–7
8.
GalassiFSodiAUcciFRenieriGPieriBBacciniMOcular hemodynamics and glaucoma prognosis: a color Doppler imaging study. Arch Ophthalmol2003;121:1711–5
9.
SatilmisMOrgülSDoublerBFlammerJRate of progression of glaucoma correlates with retrobulbar circulation and intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol2003;135:664–9
10.
MartínezASánchezMPredictive value of colour Doppler imaging in a prospective study of visual field progression in primary open-angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand2005; 83:716–22
11.
RepoLPSuhonenMTTeräsvirtaMEKoivistoKJColor Doppler imaging of the ophthalmic artery blood flow spectra of patients who have had a transient ischemic attack. Correlations with generalized iris transluminance and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmology1995;102:1199–205
12.
DavangerMRingvoldABlikaSPseudo-exfoliation, IOP and glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol1991;69:569–73
13.
PuskaPVestiETomitaGIshidaKRaittaCOptic disc changes in normotensive persons with unilateral exfoliation syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol1999; 237:457–62
14.
CursiefenCHammerTKüchleMNaumannGOSchlötzer-SchrehardtUPseudoexfoliation syndrome in eyes with ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. A histopathologic and electron microscopic study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand2001;79:476–8
15.
NicolelaMTDranceSMRankinSJBuckleyARWalmanBEColor Doppler imaging in patients with asymmetric glaucoma and unilateral visual field loss. Am J Ophthalmol1996;121:502–10
16.
NicolelaMTWalmanBEBuckleyARDranceSMVarious glaucomatous optic nerve appearances. A color Doppler imaging study of retrobulbar circulation. Ophthalmology1996;1031670–9
17.
CelliniMPossatiGLSbroccaMCaramazzaNCorrelation between visual field and color Doppler parameters in chronic open angle glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol1996-1997;20:215–9
18.
DetorakisETAchtaropoulosAKDrakonakiEEKozobolisVPHemodynamic evaluation of the posterior ciliary circulation in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2007;245:516–21
19.
YükselNKarabaşVLArslanADemirciACağlarYOcular hemodynamics in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Ophthalmology2001;108:1043–9
20.
YükselNKarabaşVLDemirciAArslanAAltintaşOCağlarYComparison of blood flow velocities of the extraocular vessels in patients with pseudoexfoliation or primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmologica2001;215:424–9
21.
MartinezASanchezMOcular haemodynamics in pseudoexfoliative and primary open-angle glaucoma. Eye2008;22:515–20
22.
ZweigMHCampbellGReceiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clin Chem1993;39:561–77
23.
MetzCEBasic principles of ROC analysis. Semin Nucl Med1978;8:283–98
24.
WangWHeMZhouMZhangXOcular pseudoexfoliation syndrome and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One2014259e92767
25.
RitchRPrataTSde MoraesCGAssociation of exfoliation syndrome and central retinal vein occlusion: an ultrastructural analysis. Acta Ophthalmol2010;88:91–5
26.
MitchellPWangJJHourihanFThe relationship between glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol1999;117:1319–24
27.
HeijlABengtssonBHymanLLeskeMCEarly Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Natural history of open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology2009;116:2271–6
28.
LeskeMCHeijlAHusseinMBengtssonBHymanLKomaroffEEarly Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol2003;121:48–56
29.
MerrittCRBPhysics of Ultrasound. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, eds. Diagnostic Ultrasound.3rd ed.St LouisElsevier-Mosby 2005:3-34.
30.
DayanirVTopaloğluAOzsunarYKeceliMOkyayPHarrisAOrbital blood flow parameters in unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Int Ophthalmol2009;29:27–32
31.
MartínezASánchez-SalorioMA comparison of the long-term effects of dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1%, each added to timolol 0.5%, on retrobulbar hemodynamics and intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther2009;25:239–48
32.
MartinezASanchezMRetrobulbar haemodynamic effects of the latanoprost/timolol and the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combinations in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Int J Clin Pract2007;61:815–25
33.
GalassiFGiambeneBMenchiniUOcular perfusion pressure and retrobulbar haemodynamics in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2008;246:411–6
34.
GalassiFSodiAUcciFRenieriGPieriBBacciniMOcular hemodynamics and glaucoma prognosis: a color Doppler imaging study. Arch Ophthalmol2003;121:1711–5
35.
GalassiFGiambeneBVarrialeRSystemic vascular dysregulation and retrobulbar hemodynamics in normal-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2011;52:4467–71
36.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care2013; 36(Suppl 1): S67–S74
