Comparison of Enrollment Rates of African-American Families into a School-Based Tobacco Prevention Trial Using Two Recruitment Strategies in Urban and Rural Settings
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online March, 2013
Comparison of Enrollment Rates of African-American Families into a School-Based Tobacco Prevention Trial Using Two Recruitment Strategies in Urban and Rural Settings
This study evaluated similarities and differences of enrollment rates using two different recruitment strategies for a tobacco control trial in rural and urban African-American (AA) elementary school families.
Design.
A comparative study, nested within a larger randomized controlled trial, was used to test the effectiveness of two recruitment approaches on enrollment rates in rural and urban AA families.
Setting.
The study was conducted in 14 Title 1 elementary schools in the southeastern United States: 7 rural and 7 urban.
Subjects.
There were 736 eligible AA families, and 332 (45%) completed informed consent and were enrolled into the study.
Intervention.
The Facilitate, Open and transparent communication, Shared benefits, Team and tailored, Educate bilaterally, and Relationships, realistic and rewards (FOSTER) approach guided the two recruitment strategies: (1) written informational packets provided to fourth graders to take home to parents; and (2) proactive, face-to-face family information sessions held at schools.
Measures.
Enrollment rates were based on responsiveness to the two recruitment strategies and completion of the informed consent process.
Analysis.
Chi-square, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, and Breslow-Day tests were performed.
Results.
Higher enrollment rates occurred during the family session for both rural and urban families (100% rural, 93.6% urban; p = .0475) than informational packets alone (28.7% rural, 22% urban; p < .0001). Rural family enrollment rates were overall higher than urban rates regardless of recruitment strategy (52.0% rural vs. 39.6% urban; p = .0008).
Conclusion.
The findings suggest the FOSTER approach, although effective in both rural and urban settings, was more successful in recruiting rural families.
National Institute of Health. NIH Guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research. NIH Guide Grants Contracts. 1994;23(11):2–20.
2.
PaskettEDReevesKWMcLaughlinJM. Recruitment of minority and underserved populations in the United States: The centers for population health and health disparities. Contemp Clin Trials. 2008;29(6):847–861.
3.
MinklerMWallersteinN. Community-Based Participatory Research for Health. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 2003.
4.
IsraelBASchulzAJParkerEABeckerAB. Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:173–202.
5.
HorowitzCRRobinsonMSeiferS. Community-based participatory research from the margin to the mainstream: Are researchers prepared?Circulation. 2009;119:2633–2642.
6.
White-CooperSDawkinsNUKaminSLAndersonLA. Community-institutional partnerships: Understanding trust among partners. Health Educ Behav.2007;36:334–347.
7.
AndrewsJOBentleyGCrawfordS. Using community-based participatory research to develop a culturally sensitive smoking cessation intervention with public housing neighborhoods. Ethn Dis.2007;17:331–337.
8.
ReidyMCOrpinasPDavisM. Successful recruitment and retention of Latino study participants [published online ahead of print May 2, 2011]. Health Promot Pract. doi:10.1177/1524839911405842.
9.
FuquaSRWyattSBAndrewME. Recruiting African-American research participation in the Jackson Heart Study: Methods, response rates, and sample description. Ethn Dis.2005;15(4suppl 6):S6–18–S6–29.
10.
DavisonKKLawsonHACoatsworthJD. The family-centered action model of intervention layout and implementation (FAMILI): The example of childhood obesity. Health Promot Pract.2012;13:454–461.
11.
ShahabiABernsteinLAzenS. Recruitment and retention of African American and Latino preadolescent females into a longitudinal biobehavioral study. Ethn Dis.2011;21:91–98.
12.
NicholsonLSchwirianPMKleinEG. Recruitment and retention strategies in longitudinal clinical studies with low-income populations. Contemp Clin Trials. 2011;32:353–362.
13.
GillissCLLeeKAGutierrezY. Recruitment and retention of healthy minority women into community-based longitudinal research. J Womens Health Gend Based Med.2001;10:77.
14.
MotzerSAMoseleyJRLewisFM. Recruitment and retention of families in clinical trials with longitudinal designs. West J Nurs Res.1997;19:314.
15.
McCormickAMcKayMMWilsonM. Involving families in an urban HIV intervention: How community collaboration addresses barriers to participation. AIDS Educ Prev.2000;12:299–307.
16.
RussellKMMarajMSWilsonLR. Barriers to recruiting urban African American women into research studies in community settings. Appl Nurs Res.2008;2:90–97.
17.
LambJPuskarKRTusaie-MumfordK. Adolescent research recruitment issues and strategies: Application in a rural school setting. J Pediatr Nurs.2001;16:43–52.
18.
BurnsDSowardACSkellyAH. Effective recruitment and retention strategies for older members of rural minorities. Diabetes Educ.2008;34:1045–1052.
19.
Parra-MedinaDD'antonioASmithSM. Successful recruitment and retention strategies for a randomized weight management trial for people with diabetes living in rural, medically underserved counties of South Carolina: The POWER study. J Am Diet Assoc.2004;104:70–75.
20.
WiemannCMChackoMRTuckerJC. Enhancing recruitment and retention of minority young women in community-based clinical research. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2005;18:403–407.
21.
DavisRMHitchADNicholsM. A collaborative approach to the recruitment and retention of minority patients with diabetes in rural community health centers. Contemp Clin Trials. 2009;30:63–70.
22.
ChangMWBrownRNitzkeS. Participant recruitment and retention in a pilot program to prevent weight gain in low-income overweight and obese mothers. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:424.
23.
HillemeierMMGusicMBaiY. Communication and education about asthma in rural and urban schools. Ambul Pediatr. 2006;6:198–203.
24.
AtavSSpencerGA. Health risk behaviors among adolescents attending rural, suburban, and urban schools: A comparative study. Fam Community Health. 2002;25:53–64.
25.
HahnEJHallLARayensMK. School- and home-based drug prevention: Environmental, parent, and child risk reduction. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2007;14:319–331.
26.
TingenMSWallerJLSmithTM. Tobacco prevention in children and cessation in family members. J Am Acad Nurse Pract.2006;18:169–179.
27.
JoffeAMcNeelyCColantuoniE. Evaluation of school-based smoking-cessation interventions for self-described adolescent smokers. Pediatrics. 2009;124:187–194.
28.
PetersonAVKealeyKAMannSL. Group randomized trial of a proactive, personalized telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. J Natl Cancer Inst.2009;101:1378–1392.
29.
BackingerCLMichaelsCNJeffersonAM. Factors associated with recruitment and retention of youth into smoking cessation intervention studies—a review of the literature. Health Educ Research. 2007;23:359–368.
30.
WieheSEGarrrisonMMChristakisDA. A systematic review of school based prevention trials with long-term follow-up. J Adolesc Health Behav.2005;36:162–169.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for School Health Programs: Preventing Tobacco Use and Addiction. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000.
ResnicowKCampbellMCarrC. Body and soul: A dietary intervention conducted through African American churches. Am J Prev Med.2004;27(2):97–105.
35.
KreuterMWLukwagoSNBucholtzDC. Achieving cultural appropriateness in health promotion programs: Targeted and tailored approaches. Health Educ Behav.2003;30:133–146.
36.
KreuterMWSugg-SkinnerCHoltCL. Cultural tailoring for mammography and fruit and vegetable intake among low-income African American women in urban public health centers. Prev Med.2005;41:53–62.
37.
FreimuthVSQuinnSCThomasSB. African Americans' view on research and the Tuskegee syphilis study. Soc Sci Med.2001;52:797–808.
38.
RossJGSundbergECFlintKH. Informed consent in school health research: Why, how, and making it easy. J Sch Health. 1999;69:171–176.
39.
FryeFHBaxterSDThompsonWOGuinnCH. Influence of school, class, ethnicity, and gender on agreement of fourth graders to participate in a nutrition study. J Sch Health. 2002;72:115–120.
40.
ElderJPShulerLMoeSG. Recruiting a diverse group of middle school girls into the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls. J Sch Health. 2008;78:523–531.
41.
RieschSKTosiCBThurstonC. Accessing young adolescents and their families for research. Image J Nurs Sch.1999;31:323–326.
42.
DeroseKPHawes-DawsonJFoxSA. Dealing with diversity: Recruiting churches and women for a randomized trial of mammography promotion. Health Educ Behav.2000;27:632–648.
43.
ByrnesHFMillerBAAalborgAE. Implementation fidelity in adolescent family-based prevention programs: Relationship to family engagement. Health Educ Res.2010;25:531–541.
44.
SemeniukYBrownRLRieschSK. The Strengthening Families Program 10–14: Influence on parent and youth problem-solving skill. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs.2010;17:392–402.
