Determine the extent to which Latino smokers are using effective interventions for smoking cessation, with particular focus on nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Related aims were to explore cultural, attitudinal, knowledge, and socioeconomic variables associated with treatment use.
Design.
Cross-sectional telephone survey of two groups of Colorado adult smokers: Latinos (n = 1010) and non-Latino whites (n = 519).
Setting.
Colorado.
Methods.
Computer-assisted telephone survey in either Spanish or English. Survey addressed sociodemographic variables; smoking and cessation history; knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about smoking and quitting; and experiences in and attitudes toward the health care setting.
Participants.
Latino and non-Latino white adult Colorado residents who reported being regular smokers.
Results.
Colorado Latinos report using NRT substantially less often than do non-Latino whites residing in the state. This and other differences in the study were more pronounced in Latinos characterized as low acculturation on the basis of a language preference variable. Latinos smoke somewhat less than non-Latino whites and report lower levels of dependence. They appear to be motivated to quit but endorse attitudes and beliefs antithetical to NRT use. Health care access was lower among Latinos, and this was related to lower reports of lifetime NRT use. Receipt of recommended practitioner intervention (the “five As”) did not differ by ethnicity.
Conclusions.
Results suggested that use of effective cessation interventions among Latinos may be enhanced by education about nicotine addiction and NRT. Policy change to increase health care access also showed promise. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5 Supplement]:eS1–eS15.)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2006. MMWR.2007;56:1157–1161.
2.
PleisJRLethbridge-CejkuM. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2006. Vital Health Stat.2007;10:1–153.
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults and secondhand smoke rules and policies in homes and workplaces—United States, 2005. MMWR.2006;55:1148–1151.
4.
BarbeauEMKriegerNSoobaderMJ. Working class matters: Socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000. Am J Public Health.2004;94:269–278.
5.
EscobedoLGPeddicordJP. Smoking prevalence in US birth cohorts: The influence of gender and education. Am J Public Health.1996;86:231–236.
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2002. MMWR.2004;53:427–431.
7.
PierceJPFioreMCNovotnyTE. Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. Projections to the year 2000. JAMA.1989;261:61–65.
8.
BethelJWSchenkerMB. Acculturation and smoking patterns among Hispanics: A review. Am J Prev Med.2005;29:143–148.
9.
OkuyemiKSHarrisKJScheibmeirM. Light smokers: Issues and recommendations. Nicotine Tob Res.2002;4(suppl 2):S103–S112.
10.
ChapaJDe La RosaB. Latino population growth, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and implications for educational attainment. Educ Urban Soc.2008;36:130–149.
11.
LawrenceDGraberJEMillsSL. Smoking cessation interventions in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations: An assessment of the literature. Prev Med.2003;36:204–216.
12.
US Department of Health and Human ServicesTreating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Clinical Practice Guideline.Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2000.
13.
US Department of Health and Human ServicesTobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups—African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics: A Report of the Surgeon General.Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1998.
14.
Baezconde-GarbanatiLGarbanatiJA. Tailoring tobacco control messages for Hispanic populations. Tob Control.2000;9(suppl 1):151.
15.
MarinBVPerez-StableEJMarinG. Attitudes and behaviors of Hispanic smokers: Implications for cessation interventions. Health Educ Q.1990;17:287–297.
16.
Perez-StableEJMarinGPosnerSF. Ethnic comparison of attitudes and beliefs about cigarette smoking. J Gen Intern Med.1998;13:167–174.
17.
ForakerREPattenCALopezKN. Beliefs and attitudes regarding smoking among young adult Latinos: A pilot study. Prev Med.2005;41:126–133.
18.
WilkinsonAVSpitzMRStromSS. Effects of nativity, age at migration, and acculturation on smoking among adult Houston residents of Mexican descent. Am J Public Health.2005;95:1043–1049.
19.
MaherJEBoysunMJRohdeK. Are Latinos really less likely to be smokers? Lessons from Oregon. Nicotine Tob Res.2005;7:283–287.
20.
MarinGPerez-StableEJMarinBV. Cigarette smoking among San Francisco Hispanics: The role of acculturation and gender. Am J Public Health.1989;79:196–198.
RoblesGISingh-FrancoDGhinHL. A review of the efficacy of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapies in nonwhite populations. Clin Ther.2008;30:800–812.
23.
LeischowSHillACookG. The effects of transdermal nicotine for the treatment of Hispanic smokers. Am J Health Behav.1996;20:304–311.
24.
FuSSShermanSEYanoEM. Ethnic disparities in the use of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in an equal access health care system. Am J Health Promot.2005;20:108–116.
25.
LevinsonAHPerez-StableEJEspinozaP. Latinos report less use of pharmaceutical aids when trying to quit smoking. Am J Prev Med.2004;26:105–111.
26.
BansalMACummingsKMHylandAGiovinoGA. Stop-smoking medications: Who uses them, who misuses them, and who is misinformed about them?Nicotine Tob Res.2004; 6(suppl 3):S303–S310.
27.
CummingsKMHylandAGiovinoGA. Are smokers adequately informed about the health risks of smoking and medicinal nicotine?Nicotine Tob Res.2004; 6(suppl 3):S333–S340.
28.
de ZwartKMSellmanJD. Public knowledge and attitudes regarding smoking and smoking cessation treatments. N Z Med J.2002;115:219–222.
29.
HammondDMcDonaldPWFongGTBorlandR. Do smokers know how to quit? Knowledge and perceived effectiveness of cessation assistance as predictors of cessation behaviour. Addiction.2004;99:1042–1048.
30.
EtterJFPernegerTV. Attitudes toward nicotine replacement therapy in smokers and ex-smokers in the general public. Clin Pharmacol Ther.2001;69:175–183.
31.
HajekPWestRFouldsJ. Randomized comparative trial of nicotine polacrilex, a transdermal patch, nasal spray, and an inhaler. Arch Intern Med.1999;159:2033–2038.
32.
MillardRWWaranchHRMcEnteeM. Compliance to nicotine gum recommendations in a multicomponent group smoking cessation program: An exploratory study. Addict Behav.1992;17:201–207.
33.
CohenJB. Smokers' knowledge and understanding of advertised tar numbers: Health policy implications. Am J Public Health.1996;86:18–24.
34.
EtterJFKozlowskiLTPernegerTV. What smokers believe about light and ultralight cigarettes. Prev Med.2003;36:92–98.
35.
KozlowskiLTGoldbergMEYostBA. Smokers' misperceptions of light and ultralight cigarettes may keep them smoking. Am J Prev Med.1998;15:9–16.
36.
ShiffmanSPillitteriJLBurtonSL. Effect of health messages about “light” and “ultra light” cigarettes on beliefs and quitting intent. Tob Control.2001;10(suppl 1):i24–i32.
37.
ShiffmanSPillitteriJLBurtonSL. Smokers' beliefs about “light” and “ultra light” cigarettes. Tob Control.2001;10(suppl 1):i17–i23.
38.
WoodruffSITalaveraGAElderJP. Evaluation of a culturally appropriate smoking cessation intervention for Latinos. Tob Control.2002;11:361–367.
39.
McGoldrickMGiordanoJGarcia-PretoNEthnicity and Family Therapy.New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2005.
40.
Perez-StableEJSabogalFOtero-SabogalR. Misconceptions about cancer among Latinos and Anglos. JAMA.1992;268:3219–3223.
41.
Lopez-QuinteroCCrumRMNeumarkYD. Racial/ethnic disparities in report of physician-provided smoking cessation advice: Analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Public Health.2006;96:2235–2239.
42.
RhoadesJVistnesJ. Health Insurance Status of Hispanic Subpopulations in 2004: Estimates From the U.S. Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population Under Age 65. Statistical brief 143. Rockville, Md: Agency for Health Care Research and Policy; 2006.
43.
BrowningKKFerketichAKSalsberryPJWewersME. Socioeconomic disparity in provider-delivered assistance to quit smoking. Nicotine Tob Res.2008;10:55–61.
44.
MarinGSabogalFVan Oss MarinB. Development of a short acculturation scale for Hispanics. Hisp J Behav Sci.1987;9:183–205.
45.
CampbellKMKaplanCP. Relationship between language orientation and cigarette-smoking beliefs of Latinas. Am J Health Behav.1997;21:12–20.
46.
SandersonCox LFengSCanarJ. Social and behavioral correlates of cigarette smoking among mid-Atlantic Latino primary care patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.2005;14:1976–1980.
47.
HeathertonTFKozlowskiLTFreckerRCFagerstromKO. The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict.1991;86:1119–1127.
48.
DiClementeCCProchaskaJOFairhurstSK. The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. J Consult Clin Psychol.1991;59:295–304.
49.
ProchaskaJODiClementeCCNorcrossJC. In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol.1992;47:1102–1114.
50.
ShiffmanSFergusonSGRohayJMGitchellJG. Perceived safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies among US smokers and ex-smokers: Relationship with use and compliance. Addiction.2008;103:1371–1378.
51.
ShiffmanSBrockwellSEPillitteriJLGitchellJG. Individual differences in adoption of treatment for smoking cessation: Demographic and smoking history characteristics. Drug Alcohol Depend.2008;93:121–131.
52.
ShiffmanSDi MarinoMESweeneyCT. Characteristics of selectors of nicotine replacement therapy. Tob Control.2005;14:346–355.
