A Case for No-Fault Health Insurance: From the “Worried Well” to the “Guilty Ill”

U.S. Department of Health Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service. Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 1979. (PHS) Publication No. 79-55071, Washington, D.C.

Caudron S. Are health incentives disincentives? Personnel Journal, August 1992, 35–40.

Fowles J. Gibbs J. Pearce H. Consumer cash incentives: Can they work? Business and Health, May 1987, 22–24.

Light D. The practice and ethics of risk-related health insurance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992; 267(18):2503–2508.

Becker M. In hot pursuit of health promotion — some admonitions. In: Perspectives in Behavioral Medicine. Weiss S. Fielding J. Baum A. (Eds.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1991.

Lissner L. Odell P. D'Agostino R. Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the Framingham population. The New England Journal of Medicine, June 1991; 324(26):1839–1889.

Terry P. Health incentive systems and risk rating: Do physicians become sentinels or shepards? HMO Practice, March 1993; 8(1):15–19.

Minkler M. The social component of health. The American Journal of Health Promotion, 1986; 1(2):33–38.

Yen L. Edington D. Witting P. Prediction of prospective medical claims and absenteeism costs for 1284 hourly workers from a manufacturing company. Journal of Occupational Medicine, April 1992; 34(4):428–435.

Manning W. Keeler E. Newhouse J. The costs of poor health habits. In: A Rand Study. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1991.

Warner K. Wellness at the worksite. Health Affairs, Summer 1990; 9(2):63–79.

Russell L. Is Prevention Better Than Cure? Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1986.

Ornstein R. Sobel D. Healthy Pleasures. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1990.

Stokes J. Why not rate health and life insurance premiums by risks? The New England Journal of Medicine, February 1983; 308(7):393–395.

Terry P. Jose W. Of risk and reason — The battle over risk rating. HealthAction Managers, Kelly Communications, February 25, 1991.

Injury mortality atlas of the United States, 1979–1987. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, December 1991; 40(49):846–848.

Leigh J. Fries J. Health habits, health care use and costs in a sample of retirees. Inquiry, Spring 1992; 29:44–54.

Eddy D. The individual vs. society-resolving the conflict. Journal of the American Medical Association, May 1991; 265(18):2399–2406.

Oleckno W. Blacconiere M. Relationship of religiosity to wellness and other health-related behaviors and outcomes. Psychological Reports, 1991; 68:819–826.

Light D. The practice and ethics of risk-rated health insurance. Journal of the American Medical Association, May 1992; 267(18):2505–2508.

Wikler D. Who should be blamed for being sick? Health Education Quarterly, Spring 1987; 14(1):11–25.

Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins, 1989.

Stout H. Paying workers for good health habits catches on as a way to cut medical costs. The Wall Street Journal, November 26, 1991; Bl.

Frierson J. New laws may make employee health incentive plans illegal. Journal of Compensation and Benefits, May/June, 1992, 6–8.

Sugarman S. Employer discrimination against workers with ‘unhealthy lifestyle’ indicators: Some legal and policy issues. In: The Challenge of Financial Incentives and Risk Rating. Washington, D.C.: National Resource Center on Worksite Health Promotion, Washington Business Group on Health, January 1991, 31–37.

Maison D. Lee J. Hopp J. The impact of incentives and competitions on participation and quit rates in worksite smoking cessation programs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1993; 7(4):270–280.

Terry P. Pheley A. The effect of self-care brochures on use of medical services. Journal of Occupational Medicine, April 1993; 35(4):422–426.

Lynch W. Gilfillan L. Jennett C. McGloin J. Health risks and health insurance claims costs: Results for health hazard appraisal responders and nonresponders. Journal of Occupational Medicine, January 1993; 35(2):28–33.

Brook R. Ware J. Rogers W. The effect of coinsurance on the health of adults: Results from the RAND health insurance experiment. Santa Monica: The RAND Corporation, R-3055-HHS, 1984.

Terry P. Health education. In: Ambulatory Care Management and Practice. Barnett A. Mayer G. (Eds.). Rockville, Maryland: Aspen Publishing, 1992.

Green L. Kreuter M. Health Promotion Planning, An Educational and Environmental Approach. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1991.