Weight-related beliefs, attitudes, and patterns of weight change were analyzed for 144 registered nurses followed for one year in a self-help smoking cessation study. Smoking history and outcome status, physical descriptors, weight orientation, and use of self-help smoking cessation materials were examined in relation to weight change. A multiple regression analysis which included all subjects yielded three predictors of weight gain: continuous abstainer smoking status, lower body mass index, and greater fear of weight gain. A logistic regression confirmed the influence of smoking status at outcome on weight change. Abstinence was associated with weight gain; continuous abstainers were more likely to gain weight (88.2%) than noncontinuous abstainers (50%) and never quitters (35.9%). Weight variables were found to be interrelated, forming an “eating orientation” linked to smoking behavior.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlbanesD.JonesY.MicozziM.MattsonM.Associations between smoking and body weight in the U.S. population: Analysis of NHANES II. American Journal of Public Health, 1987; 77:439–444.
2.
BjelkeE.Variation in height and weight in the Norwegian population. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 1971; 25:192–202.
3.
GoldbourtU.MedalieJ.Characteristics of smokers, nonsmokers and ex-smokers among 10,000 adult males in Israel. Il. Physiologic, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1977; 105:75–76.
4.
JacobsD.GottenborgS.Smoking and weight: The Minnesota Lipid Research Clinic. American Journal of Public Health, 1981; 71:391–396.
5.
Lund-LarsenP.TretliS.Changes in smoking habits and body weight after a three year period — The cardiovascular disease study in Finnmark. Journal of Chronic Disease, 1982; 35:773–780.
6.
GarveyA.BosseR.SeltzerC.Smoking, weight change, and age: A longitudinal analysis. Archives of Environmental Health, 1974; 28:327–329.
7.
GordonT.KannelW.DawberT.McGeeD.Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: The Framingham Study. American Heart Journal, 1975; 90:322–328.
8.
HallS.GinsbergD.JonesR.Smoking cessation and weight gain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1986; 54:342–346.
9.
CharltonA.Smoking and weight control in teenagers. Public Health (London), 1984; 98:277–281.
10.
KlesgesR.KlesgesL.Cigarette smoking as a dieting strategy in a university population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 1988; 7:413–419.
11.
KlesgesR.MeyersA.KlesgesL.La VasqueM.Smoking and body weight: A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 1989; 106:204–230.
12.
KlesgesR.SomesG.PascaleR.KlesgesL.MurphyM.BrownK.WilliamsE.Knowledge and beliefs regarding the consequences of cigarette smoking and their relationships to smoking status in a biracial sample. Health Psychology, 1988; 7:387–401.
13.
GritzE.BiermanK.Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of smoking in women: Maintenance and cessation. The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office on Smoking and Health, Rockville, Maryland, 1980. Pp. 292–359.
14.
GritzE.CarrC.MarcusA.Unaided smoking cessation: Great American Smokeout and New Year's Day quitters. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 1988; 6:217–234.
15.
DallossoH.JamesW.The role of smoking in the regulation of energy balance. International Journal of Obesity, 1984; 8:365–375.
16.
GrunbergN.The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking on food consumption and taste preferences. Addictive Behaviors, 1982; 7:317–331.
17.
GrunbergN.Nicotine as a psychoactive drug: Appetite regulation. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 1986; 22:875–881.
18.
HofstetterA.SchutzY.JequierE.WahrenJ.Increased 24-hour energy expenditure in cigarette smokers. New England Journal of Medicine, 1986; 314:79–82.
19.
RodinJ.Weight change following smoking cessation: The role of food intake and exercise. Addictive Behaviors, 1987; 12:303–317.
20.
WackJ.RodinJ.Smoking and its effects on body weight and the systems of caloric regulation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1982; 35:366–380.
21.
BowenD.SpringB.FoxE.Tryptophan and high-carbohydrate diets as adjuncts to smoking cessation therapy. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1988; in press.
22.
GrinsteadO.Preventing weight gain following smoking cessation: A comparison of behavioral treatment approaches. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. (University Microfilms International No. 82-06024, 1-174), 1981.
23.
MermelsteinR.Preventing weight gain following smoking cessation. Poster presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine 8th Annual Session, Washington, D.C., 1987.
24.
CraneL.National Health Interview Survey, 1985. Public Use Tapes, National Center for Health Statistics. Unpublished Data, 1987.
25.
FeldmanB.RichardE.Prevalence of nurse smokers and variables identified with successful and unsuccessful smoking cessation. Research in Nursing and Health, 1986; 9:131–138.
26.
GarfinkelL.StellmanS.Cigarette smoking among physicians, dentists, and nurses. Cancer, 1986; 36:2–8.
27.
GritzE.MarcusA.BermanB.ReadL.KanimL.ReederS.Evaluation of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program for registered nurses. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1988; 3(2):26–35.
28.
DaltonJ.SwensonI.Nurses and smoking: Role modeling and counseling behaviors. Oncology Nurses Forum, 1986; 13(2):45–48.
29.
ElkindA.Nurses' smoking behaviour: Review and implications. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 1980; 17:261–269.
30.
GoldsteinA.HellierA.FitzgeraldS.StegallT.FischerP.Hospital nurse counseling of patients who smoke. American Journal of Public Health, 1987; 77(10): 1333–1334.
31.
FagerstromK.Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 1978; 3:235–241.
32.
TellG.JefferyR.KramerF.SnellM.Can self-reported body weight be used to evaluate long-term follow-up of a weight-loss program?Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1987; 9:1198–1201.
33.
KlesgesR.BeattyW.BerryS.Some behavioral, attitudinal and perceptual correlates of obesity in a university population. International Journal of Eating Disorders1985; 4(2):237–245.
34.
StunkardA.AlbaumJ.The accuracy of self-reported weights. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1981; 34:1593–1599.
35.
BrownellK.Obesity: Understanding and treating a serious, prevalent, and refractory disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1982; 50:820–840.
36.
SAS Institute, Inc.SAS/STAT TM Guide for Personal Computers (6th ed.). SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina. 1985.
37.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.The Health Consequences of Smoking. Nicotine Addiction. A Report of the Surgeon General. (DHHS Publication No. CDC 88-8406). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health, Rockville, Maryland, 1988.
38.
BosseR.GarveyA.CostaP.Jr.Prediction of weight change following smoking cessation. International Journal of the Addictions, 1980; 15:969–991.
39.
GrossJ.Personal communication, February 1989.
40.
EmontS.CummingsK.Weight gain following smoking cessation: A possible role for nicotine replacement in weight management. Addictive Behaviors, 1987; 12:151–155.
41.
RabkinS.Relationship between weight change and the reduction or cessation of cigarette smoking. International Journal of Obesity, 1984; 8:665–673.
42.
KlesgesR.BrownK.PascaleR.MurphyM.WilliamsE.CigrangJ.Factors associated with participation, attrition and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace. Health Psychology, 1988; 7:575–590.
43.
StunkardA.MessickS.The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1985; 29:71–83.
44.
HermanC.PolivyJ.Restrained eating. Obesity. StunkardA. (Ed.). Saunders, Philadelphia, 1980. Pp. 208–225.
45.
DuffyJ.HallS.Smoking abstinence, eating style, and food intake. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988; 56:417–421.
