Schools as a Community Resource for Physical Activity: Legal Considerations for Decision Makers

McCann B Glanz K . Designing to reduce childhood obesity. Active Living Res. February 2005;1–6.

Arias E Anderson RN Kung HC . Deaths: Final data for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2003;52:1–115.

Blair SN Brodney S . Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: Current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(suppl):S646–S662.

DeLany JP Bray GA Harsha DW Volaufova J . Energy expenditure in preadolescent African American and white boys and girls: The Baton Rouge Children's Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:705–713.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, November 2000. Available at: http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/HTML/Volume2/22Physical.htm#_ednref9. Accessed December 15, 2005.

US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical activity for everyone: effective population-level strategies to promote physical activity. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/recommendations.htm. Accessed December 12, 2005.

Increasing physical activity: A report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001;50(RR-18):1–14.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guide to Community Preventive Services. Creating or improving access to places for physical activity is recommended to increase physical activity. Updated 2005. Available at: http://www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/pa-int-create-access.pdf. Accessed January 8, 2006.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Promoting physical activity: basic recommendations for promoting physical activity. Available at: http://www.aap.org/family/physicalactivity/physicalactivity.htm. Accessed January 5, 2006.

Active Living Leadership. Action strategy: encourage healthy school sites, facilities, and policies. 2004. Available at: http://activelivingleadership.org/strategy5.htm. Accessed February 22, 2006.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten strategies for promoting physical activity, healthy eating, and a tobacco-free lifestyle through school health programs. 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/publications/pdf/ten_strategies.pdf. Accessed November 2005.

Meyer HD Brightbill CK Sessoms HD . Community Recreation: A Guide to Its Organization. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1969:456.

Kraus RG . Recreation and the Schools. New York, NY: MacMillan Co; 1964:308.

Cal Ed Code §10900 (2006).

RS Mo §67.775 (2006).

NY CLS Ed §414 (2006).

Tex Local Gov't Code §332.021 (2005).

Kleindienst VK Weston A . The Recreational Sports Program: Schools…Colleges…Communities. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1978:489.

Flournoy R . Regional development and physical activity: issues and strategies for promoting health equity. November 2002. Available at: http://www.policylink.org/pdfs/PhysicalActivity.pdf. Accessed November 12, 2005.

Learning Landscape Alliance. Available at: http://thunder1.cudenver.edu/cye/lla/factsheet.html. Accessed February 9, 2006.

Active Living by Design. Active living by design case study: partnership between local school district and county open school physical activity facilities to public. 2006. Available at: http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/fileadmin/template/documents/case_studies/PittCounty.pdf. Accessed February 7, 2006.

Izzo M . Seniors returning to school to find path to better health. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 8 2005;1. Available at: http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05342/618566.stm. Accessed December 20, 2005.

Barrett DW . A call for more lenient director liability standards for small, charitable, nonprofit corporations. Ind Law J. 1996;71:967–1001.

King JH . Exculpatory agreements for volunteers in youth activities: The alternative to “Nerf(R)” Tiddlywinks. Ohio State Law J. 1992;53:683–734.

Kaiser R Wright B . Recreational access to private land: Beyond the liability hurdle. J Soil Water Conserv. 1985;40:478–485.

Copeland JD . Recreational access to private lands: Liability problems and solutions. Proceedings, Natural Resources Income Opportunities for Private Lands, Hagerstown, Md, 5–7, April 1998. Hagerstown, Md: Washington County Extension Office; 1998.

Gramann JT Bonnicksen D Albrecht Kurtz W . Recreational access to private forests: The impact of hobby farming and exclusivity. J Leisure Res. 1985;17:234–240.

Wright B Kaiser R Nicholls S . Rural landowner liability for recreational injuries: Myths, perceptions, and realities. J Soil Water Conserv. 2002;57:183–191.

California Health Impact Assessment. Rapid HIA of proposed legislation to provide partial immunity from injury liability for entities providing access to facilities for recreational physical activity. 2005. Available at: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/hs/health-impact/docs/ImmunitySummary.pdf. Accessed February 22, 2006.

Slovic P . Perception of risk. Science. 1987;236:280–285.

Restatement of the Law, 2d, of Torts. Washington, DC: American Law Institute; 1965:329–332.

Kaiser R . Liability and Law in Recreation, Parks and Sports. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986:271.

El-Halees v Chauser, 2002 Cal App Unpub LEXIS 8124.

Williams v Chicago Board of Education, 642 NE2d 764 (Ill App 1994).

Cotten DJ . Defenses against liability. In: Cotten DJ Wolohan JT , eds. Law for Recreation and Sport Managers. 3rd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt; 2003:78–90.

Sprunger v East Noble School Corporation. 495 NE2d 250 (Ind App 1986).

Cotten DJ Cotten MB . Waivers and Releases of Liability. 4th ed. Statesboro, Ga: Sport Risk Consulting; 2004:206.

Young SJ . Property law. In: Cotten DJ Wolohan JT , eds. Law for Recreation and Sport Managers. 3rd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt; 2003:194–205.

Ambrose v Buhl Joint School District No. 412, 887 P2d 1088 (Ida App 1994).

Anderson v Independent School District No. 891, 1999 Minn App LEXIS 226.

Bubb v Springfield School District 186 et al, 657 NE2d 887 (Ill 1995).

Jackson v Unified School District 259, 995 P2d 844 (Kan 2000).

Lucero v Albuquerque Public Schools, 39 P3d 739 (NM App 2001).

National Trust for Historic Preservation. BEST Collaborative. Recommended policies for public school facilities, schools as centers of communities. May 2005. Available at: http://www.21csf.org/csf-home/publications/modelpolicies/SchoolsCentersCommunitiesSectionMay2005.pdf. Accessed February 7, 2006.

NC Gen Stat §115C-204 (2005).

Iowa Code §28E.4 (2004); Ariz RS §15-364 (2006).

NC Gen Stat §115C-524 (b) (2006).

Plemmons v Gastonia, 302 SE2d 905 (NC App 1983).

Seipp v Wake County Board of Education, 510 SE2d 193 (NC App 1999).

Child Nutrition Act, Pub L 108-265, §204(a)(1).

Buchanan B . Getting to wellness, a supplement to American School Board Journal. National School Boards Association. October 2005. Available at: http://www.asbj.com/wellness/S1.html, Accessed December 28, 2005.

National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity (NANA). Model local school wellness policies on physical activity and nutrition. March 2005. Available at: http://www.schoolwellnesspolicies.org/resources/NANAWellnessPolicies.pdf. Accessed January 5, 2006.

National Association of State Boards of Education. Healthy schools: sample policies to encourage physical activity. October 2004. Available at: http://www.nasbe.org/HealthySchools/Sample_Policies/physical_activity.html. Accessed December 15, 2005.