The Art of Health Promotion

National Center for Health Statistics. (2001). Accessed through website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/01facts/olderame.htm.

Manton K. Stallard E. Corder L. (1998). The dynamics of age-related disability 1982–1994 in the U.S. elderly population. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 53A, 1, pp. B59–B70.

National Council on the Aging-Harris National Poll. (2000). Aging Today, May/June, p. 2.

Pfizer. (1999). The Health Status of Older Adults. Pfizer. U.S. Pharmaceuticals, p. 14.

USDHHS. (1999). Health and Aging Chartbook, Hyatsville, MD: NCHS. pp. 38–39.

“U.S. ranks far down on ‘healthy life’ list.” (2000). The New York Times, June 5, pp. 1A and 9A.

USDHHS. (2000). Healthy People 2010. Volume II, Washington, DC: January, 2000.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000). A Profile of Older Americans: 2000. Washington, D.C.: Administration on Aging. Accessed through Web site: www.aoa.dhhs.gov/aoa/stats/profile/default.htm.

Beers M. and Bekow R. . (2000). The Merck Manual of Geriatrics, 3rd edition, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories.

Vasan R. Belser A. Seshadri S. Larson M. Kannel W. D'Agostino R. , and Levy D. (2002). Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA, February 27, 287(8), pp. 1003–1010.

Siris E. Miller P. Barrett-Connor E. Faulkner K. Wehren L. Abbott T. Berger M. Santora A. , and Sherwood L. . (2001). Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in post-menopausal women: Results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. JAMA, 286, 22, pp. 2815–2822.

Oberman A. and Kreisberg R. . (2002). Lipid management in older patients. Clinical Geriatrics, 10, 9, September, pp. 41–50.

Nordin J. Mullooly J. Poblete S. Strikas R. Petrucci R. Wei F. Rush B. Safirstein B. Wheeler D. Nichol K. (2001). Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations and deaths in persons 65 years or older in Minnesota, New York, and Oregon: Data from 3 health plans. Journal of Infectious Diseases, September 15, 184(6), pp. 665–670.

Schneider E. (2001). Racial gap in flu vaccination, JAMA, September 26

Mieczkowski T. and Wilson S. . (2002). Adult pneumococcal vaccinations: A review of physician and patient barriers. Vaccine, January 31, 20(9–10), pp. 1383–1392.

“Medicare patients skipping colon cancer tests.” (2000). American Medical News, March 20, p. 9.

USDDHS. (1996). The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Haber D. and Looney C. . (2000). Health contract calendars: A tool for health professionals with older adults. The Gerontologist, 40, 2, pp. 235–239.

Elder J. Williams S. Drew J. Wright B. , and Boulan T. . (1995). Longitudinal effects of preventive services on health behaviors among an elderly cohort. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 11, 6, pp. 354–359.

Haber D. (1999). Health Promotion and Aging. NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Wakimoto P. and Block G. . (2001). Dietary intake, dietary patterns, and changes with age: An epidemiological perspective. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56A, pp. 65–80.

Butler R. and Lewis M. . (1998). Aging and Mental Health: Positive Psychosocial and Biomedical Approaches. 5th edition. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Katon W. Von Korff M. Lin E. Bush T. , and Ormel J. (1992). Adequacy and duration of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Medical Care, 30, pp. 67–76.

Frasure-Smith N. Lesperance F. , and Talajic M. (1995). Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 91, pp. 999–1005.

Penninx B. Guralnik J. Pahor M. Ferrucci L. Cerhan J. Wallace R. , and Havlik R. (1998). Chronically depressed mood and cancer risk in older persons. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90, pp. 1888–1893.

Bandrua A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura A. (1995). Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Rodin J. (1986). Aging and health: Effects of the sense of control. Science, 233, pp. 1271–1275.

Rotter J. (1954). Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Eng P. Rimm F. Fitzmaurice G. , and Kawachi I. (2002). Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidents in men. American Journal of Epidemiology. April 15, 155(8), pp. 700–709.

Fratiglioni L. Wang H. Ericsson K. Maytan M. Winblad B. (2000). Influences of social network on occurrence of dementia: A community-based longitudinal study. The Lancet, 355, April 15, pp. 1315–1319.

Bassuk S. Glass T. Berkman L. (1999). Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131, 3, pp. 165–173.

Koenig H. Cohen H. George L. Hays J. Larson D. Blazer D. (1997). Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27(3), pp. 233–250.

Sarafino E. (1990). Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial Interactions. N.Y: John Wiley and Sons.

Cardenas L. Vallbona C. Baker S. , and Yusim S. (1987). Adult onset diabetes mellitus: Glycemic control and family function. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 293, pp. 28–33.

Zimmerman R. and Connor C. . (1989). Health promotion in context: The effects of significant others on health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 16(1), pp. 57–75.

Eakin E. Glasgow R. , and Riley K. . (2000). Review of primary care-based physical activity intervention studies. The Journal of Family Practice. February, 49, 2, pp. 158–168.

Pinto B. Goldstein M. , and Marcus B. . (1998). Activity counseling by primary care physicians. Preventive Medicine, 27, pp. 506–513.

Swinburn B. Walter L. Arroll B. Tilyard M. , and Russell D. . (1998). The Green Prescription Study: A randomized controlled trial of written exercise advice provided by general practitioners. American Journal of Public Health, 88, pp. 288–291.

Williams S. Elder J. Seidman R. , and Mayer J. . (1997). Preventive services in a Medicare managed care environment. Journal of Community Health, 22, 6, pp. 417–434.

Calfas K. Long B. Sallis J. Wooten W. Pratt M. , and Patrick K. . (1996). A controlled trial of physician counseling to promote the adoption of physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 25, pp. 225–233.

Mayer J. Jermanovich A. Wright B. Elder J. Drew J. , and Williams S. . (1994). Changes in health behaviors of older adults: The San Diego Medicare Preventive Health Project. Preventive Medicine, 23, pp. 127–133.

Strecher V. M. Kreuter Boer D. Kobrin S. Hospers H. , and Skinner C. . (1994). The effects of computer-tailored smoking cessation messages in family practice settings. The Journal of Family Practice, 39, 3, pp. 262–270.

Russell N. , and Roter D. . (1993). Health promotion counseling of chronic-disease patients during primary care visits. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 7, pp. 979–982.

Lewis B. , and Lynch W. . (1993). The effect of physician advice on exercise behavior. Preventive Medicine, 22, pp. 110–121.

Marcus B. Goldstein M. Jette A. Simkin-Silverman L. Pinto B. Milan F. Washburn R. Smith K. Rakowski W. , and Dube C. . (1997). Training physicians to conduct physical activity counseling. Preventive Medicine, 26, pp. 382–388.

Albright C. Cohen S. Gibons L. Miller S. Marcus B. Sallis J. Imai K. Jernick J. , and Simons-Morton D. (2000). Incorporating physical activity advice into primary care. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, April, 18, 3, pp. 225–234.

Sennott-Miller L. and Kligman E. . (1992). Healthier lifestyle: How to motivate older patients to change. Geriatrics, December, 47, 12, pp. 52–59.

Williams S. Elder P. Seidman R. , and Mayer J. (1997). Preventive services in a Medicare managed care environment. Journal of Community Health, 22, 6, December, pp. 417–434.

Calfas K. Sallis J. Oldenburg B. French M. (1997). Mediators of change in physical activity following an intervention in primary care: PACE. Preventive Medicine, 26, pp. 297–304.

Eakin E. (2001). Promoting physical activity among middle-aged and older adults in health care settings. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9, pp. S29–S37.

Kottke T. (1988). Attributes of successful smoking cessation interventions in medical practice: A meta-analysis of 42 controlled trials. JAMA, 259, pp. 2883–2889.

Li V. Coates T. Ewart C. , and Kim Y. . (1987). The effectiveness of smoking cessation advice given during routine medical care: Physicians can make a difference. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3, pp. 81–86.

Looney C. , and Haber D. . (2001). Interest in hosting an exercise program for older adults at African-American churches. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 13, 1, pp. 19–29.

Resnicow K. Jackson A. Wang T. De A. McCarty F. Dudley W. , and Baranowski T. . (2001). A motivational interviewing intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake through black churches: Results of the Eat for Life Trial. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 10, pp. 1686–1693.

Duan N. Fox S. Derose K. , and Carson S. . (2000). Maintaining mammography adherence through telephone counseling in a church-based trial. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 9, pp. 1468–1471.

Koenig H. (2000). Religion, well-being, and health in the elderly: The scientific evidence for an association. Chapter 8, pp. 84–97 in Perspective on Spiritual Well-Being and Aging. Ed., Thorson J. . Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.

Winett R. Anderson E. Whiteley J. Wojcik J. Rovniak L. Graves K. , and Galper D. . (1999). Church-based health behavior programs: Using social cognitive theory to formulate interventions for at-risk populations. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 8, pp. 129–142.

Smith E. Merritt S. , and Patel M. . (1997). Church-based education: An outreach program for African Americans with hypertension. Ethnicity & Health, 2(3), pp. 243–253.

Ransdell L. and Rehling S. . (1996). Church-based health promotion: A review of the current literature. American Journal of Health Behavior, 20(4), pp. 195–207.

Ransdell L. (1995). Church-based health promotion: An untapped resource for women age 65 and older. American Journal of Health Promotion, May/June, 9, 5, pp. 333–336.

Davis D. Bustamante A. Brown C. Wolde-Tsadik G. Savage E. Cheng X. , and Howland L. . (1994). The urban church and cancer control: A source of social influence in minority communities. The Public Health Reports, 109, 4, pp. 500–506.

Thomas S. Quinn S. Billingsley A. , and Caldwell C. . (1994). The characteristics of northern black churches with community health outreach programs. American Journal of Public Health, 84, pp. 575–579.

McDermott M. , and Burke J. . (1993). When the population is a congregation: The emerging role of the parish nurse. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 10(3), pp. 179–190.

Kumanyika S. , and Charleston J. . (1992). Lose weight and win: A church-based weight loss program for blood pressure control among black women. Patient Education and Counseling, 19, pp. 19–32.

Wells B. DePue J. Lasater T. , and Carleton R. . (1988). A report on church site weight control. Health Education Research, 3, 3, pp. 305–316.

Wheeler J. Gorey K. , and Greenblatt B. . (1998). The beneficial effects of volunteering for older volunteers and the people they serve: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47(1), pp. 69–79.

Brownson R. Housemann R. Brown D. Jackson-Thompson J. King A. Malone B. , and Sallis J. . (2000). Promoting physical activity in rural communities—Walking trail access use and effects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 3, pp. 235–241.

“Sneaker-clad army wins battle of the mall.” (2001). The New York Times, August 28, pp. A1 and A11.

Anderson R. Franckowiak S. Snyder J. Bartlett S. , and Fontaine K. . (1998). Can inexpensive signs encourage the use of stairs? Results from a community intervention. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129, pp. 363–369.

Lorig K. Ritter P. Stewart A. Sobel D. Bronn B. Bandura A. Gonzalez V. Laurent D. , and Holman H. (2001). Chronic disease self-management program. Medical Care, 39, 1, pp. 1217–1223.

Leveille S. Wagner E. Davis C. Grothaus L. Wallace J. LoGerfo M. , and Kent D. (1998). Preventing disability and managing chronic illness in frail older adults: A randomized trial of a community-based partnership with primary care. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, October, 46(10), pp. 1191–1198.

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. (2000). Older Americans 2000: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Indicator 29: Use of Health Care Services, p. 44, Hyatsville, MD: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics.

Madara E. and Peterson B. . (1986). Hospitals, churches, and self-help groups: Practical and promising relationships. Unpublished manuscript, Denville, NJ.

Williams M. (1996). Increasing participation in health promotion among older African-Americans. American Journal of Health Behaviors, 20, 6, pp. 389–399.

Montgomery L. (2001). Are our suburbs making us fat? The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, January 29–February 4, p. 31.

Haber D. (2001). Medicare prevention: Moving toward research-based policy. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 13(1), pp. 1–14.

Age-Related Web Sites.

www.aoa.dhhs.gov (Administration on Aging and the aging network).

www.healthandage.com (Novartis Foundation for Gerontology provides articles and information on a wide range of health and medical topics related to older adults).

www.geron.org (Gerontological Society of America, a professional society focused on interdisciplinary research).

www.aarp.org (AARP, formerly the American Association of Retired Persons, surveys health news, activities and links to other sites).

www.shepherdcenters.org (Congregation-based health and education, under the leadership of older adults).

www.fiavolunteers.org (Religious-based programs to support volunteer caregivers).

www.oasisnet.org (Shopping-mall based health and education programs for adults age 55 and over).

US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, DC: US Government Printing House; 1990.

American College Health Association Task Force on Standards of Practice for Health Promotion in Higher Education. Standards of Practice for Health Promotion in Higher Education. Baltimore, MD: American College Health Association; 2001.

American College Health Association Task Force on Standards of Practice for Health Promotion in Higher Education. Standards of Practice for Health Promotion in Higher Education. Baltimore, MD: American College Health Association; 2001.

Keeling RP . The college health opportunity. Journal of American College Health, 2001;49:249–252.

Burns WD . Learning for our common health: How an academic focus on HIV/AIDS will improve education and health. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges and Universities; 1999.

Fabiano PM . From personal health into community action: Another step forward in peer health education. Journal of American College Health, 1994;43: 115–121.

For those interested in understanding more about the effective practice of health promotion in higher education, the following resources are suggested.

• American College Health Association, www.acha.org

• Journal of American College Health, www.heldref.org/html/body_jach.html

• Standards of Practice for Health Promotion in Higher Education; 2000. Available from ACHA at www.acha.org/info_resources/special_pubs.cfm

• Wallace HM Patrick K Parcel GS , & Igoe JB (Eds.). Principles and Practices of Student Health, Volume 3: College Health, Oakland, CA: Third Party Publisher; 1992.

• The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, Education and Development Center, 55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02158-1060 www.edc.org/hec/

World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1986.

Stokols D. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. Am J Health Promot. 1996;10:282–98.

Fredman L Daly MP Lazur AM . Burden among white and black caregivers to elderly adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1995;50:S110–18.

Keppel KG Pearcy JN Wagener DK . Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for Health Status Indicators: United States, 1990–98. Center for Disease Control: National Center for Health Statistics; 2002.

Burton LC Newsom JT Schulz R Hirsch CH German PS . Preventive health behaviors among spousal caregivers. Prev Med. 1997;26:162–9.

Arthur T . The role of social networks: A novel hypothesis to explain the phenomenon of racial disparity in kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:678–81.

Berkman LF . The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosom Med. 1995;57:245–54.

Williams DR . Racial/ethnic variations in women's health: The social embeddedness of health. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:588–97.

Singh GK Siahpush M . All-cause and cause-specific mortality of immigrants and native born in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:392–9.

Pol LG Thomas RK . Demographic change and health behavior. In: Gochman DS, Ed. Handbook of Health Behavior Research: Demography, Development, and Diversity. New York: Plenum Press; 1997;3:3–21.

Kerner JF Dusenbury L Mandelblatt JS . Poverty and cultural diversity: Challenges for health promotion among the medically underserved. Annu Rev of Public Health. 1993;14:355–77.

Bullard RD ; Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; 1990.

Lynch JW Kaplan GA Salonen JT . Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic life course. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44:809–19.

House JS Williams DR . Understanding and reducing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in health. In: Smedley BD Syme SL , Eds. Promoting Health: Interventions Strategies From Social and Behavioral Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:81–124.

Johnson KW Anderson NB Bastida E Kramer BJ Williams D Wong M . Panel II: Macrosocial and environmental influences on minority health. Health Psychol. 1995;14:601–12.

Uba L . Cultural barriers to health care for southeast Asian refugees. Public Health Rep. 1992;107:544–8.

Meadows LM Thurston WE Melton C . Immigrant women's health. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52:1451–8.

Schulz A Williams D Israel B . Unfair treatment, neighborhood effects, and mental health in the Detroit metropolitan area. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41:314–32.

Williams DR Collins C . US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annual Review of Sociology. 1995;21:349–86.

Williams DR . Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Social Psychology Quarterly. 1990;53:81–99.

Marin G Burhansstipanov L Connell CM . A research agenda for health education among underserved populations. Health Education Quarterly. 1995;22:346–63.

May PA Moran JR . Prevention of alcohol misuse: A review of health promotion efforts among American Indians. Am J Health Promot. 1995;9:288–99.

Pederson LL Ahluwalia JS Harris KJ McGrady GA . Smoking cessation among African Americans: What we know and do not know about interventions and self-quitting. Prev Med. 2000;31:23–38.

Taylor WC Baranowski T Young DR . Physical activity interventions in low-income, ethnic minority, and populations with disability. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:334–43.

Thompson P . Developing and implementing culturally sensitive health promotion programs. In: Masi R Mensah LL McLeod KA , Eds. Health and Cultures: Programs, Services and Care. New York: Mosaic Press; 1993;2:205–28.

Green LW Krueter MW ; Health Promotion Planning an Educational and Environmental Approach. 3rd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield; 1999.

Jones CP . Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:1212–5.

LaBonte R . Health promotion and the common good: Towards a politics of practice. In: Callahan D , Ed. Promoting Healthy Behavior: How Much Freedom? Whose Responsibility? Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press; 2000:95–115.

Green LW . From research to “best practices” in other settings and populations. Am J Health Behav. 2001;25:165–78.

Geller ES . Where's the validity in social validity? J Appl Behav Anal. 1991;24:189–204.

Jensen L Slack T . Underemployment in America: Measurement and evidence. Am J Community Psychol. Forthcoming.

Bhatia R Katz M . Estimation of health benefits from a local living wage ordinance. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1398–1402.

Brown MJ Gardner J Sargent JD Swartz K Hu H Timperi R . The effectiveness of housing policies in reducing children's lead exposure. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:621–4.

Landrine H Klonoff EA Campbell R Reina-Patton A . Sociocultural variables in youth access to tobacco: replication 5 years later. Prev Med. 2000;30:433–7.

Stokols D Grzywacz JG McMahan S Phillips K . Increasing the health promotive capacity of human environments. Am J Health Promot. 2004;18(5).

Putnam RD ; Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2000.

Gettleman L Winkleby MA . Using focus groups to develop a heart disease prevention program for ethnically diverse, low-income women. J Community Health. 2000;25:439–53.

Earp JA Eng E O'Malley MS . Increasing use of mammography among older, rural African American women: Results from a community trial. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:646–54.

Morland K Wing S Roux A Diez Poole C . Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22:23–9.

Frye BA . Use of cultural themes in promoting health among Southeast Asian refugees. Am J Health Promot. 1995;9:269–80.

Spector RE ; Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 2000.

Suarez L Nichols DC Pulley L Brady CA McAlister A . Local health departments implement a theory-based model to increase breast and cervical cancer screening. Public Health Rep. 1993;108:477–82.

Tatum C Wilson A Dignan M Paskett ED Velez R . Development and implementation of outreach strategies for breast and cervical cancer prevention among African American women. J Cancer Edu. 1997;12:43–50.

Wallack L . The California Violence Prevention Initiative: Advancing policy to ban Saturday night specials. Health Edu Behav. 1999;26:841–58.

LaVeist TA Wallace JM Jr . Health risk and inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African American neighborhood. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:613–7.

Klesges LM Pahor M Shorr RI Wan JY Williamson JD Guralnik JM . Financial difficulty in acquiring food among elderly disabled women: Results from the Women's Health and Aging Study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:68–75.

Larkey LK Hecht ML Miller K Alatorre C . Hispanic cultural norms for health-seeking behaviors in the face of symptoms. Health Edu Behav. 2001;28:65–80.

Navarro AM Senn KL Kaplan RM McNicholas L Campo MC Roppe B . Por La Vida intervention model for cancer prevention in Latinas. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1995;137–45.

Puschel K Thompson B Coronado GD Lopez LC Kimball AM . Factors related to cancer screening in Hispanics: A comparison of the perceptions of Hispanic community members, health care providers, and representatives of organizations that serve Hispanics. Health Edu Behav. 2001;28:573–90.

Zabos GP Trinh C . Bringing the mountain to Mohammed: A mobile dental team serves a community-based program for people with HIV/AIDS. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1187–9.

Braithwaite RL Murphy F Lythcott N Blumenthal DS . Community organization and development for health promotion within an urban black community: A conceptual model. Health Education. 1989;20:56–60.

Kritek PB Hargraves M Cuellar EH . Eliminating health disparities among minority women: A report on conference workshop process and outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:580–7.

Raczynski JM Cornell CE Stalker V . Developing community capacity and improving health in African American communities. Am J Med Sci. 2001;322:269–75.

Campbell MK Motsinger BM Ingram A . The North Carolina Black Churches United for Better Health Project: Intervention and process evaluation. Health Edu Behav. 2000;27:241–53.

Elder JP Campbell NR Candelaria JI . Project Salsa: Development and institutionalization of a nutritional health promotion project in a Latino community. Am J Health Promot. 1998;12:391–401.

Levine DM Becker DM Bone LR Hill MN Tuggle MB Zeger SL . Community-academic health center partnerships for underserved minority populations. One solution to a national crisis. JAMA. 1994;272:309–11.

Minkler M Thompson M Bell J Rose K . Contributions of community involvement to organizational-level empowerment: the federal Healthy Start experience. Health Edu Behav. 2001;28:783–807.

Hallfors D Cho H Livert D Kadushin C . Fighting back against substance abuse: Are community coalitions winning? Am J Health Behav. 2002;23:237–45.

Green LW Kreuter MW . Fighting back or fighting themselves? Community coalitions against substance abuse and their use of best practices. Am J Health Behav. 2002;23:303–6.

Carrillo JM Pust RE Borbon J . Dar a Luz: A perinatal care program for Hispanic women on the U.S.–Mexico border. Am J Prev Med. 1986;2:26–9.

Lewis CE Raczynski JM Heath GW Levinson R Hilyer JC Jr Cutter GR . Promoting physical activity in low-income African-American communities: The PARR project. Ethn Dis. 1993;3:106–18.

Meister JS Warrick LH de Zapien JG Wood AH . Using lay health workers: Case study of a community-based prenatal intervention. J Community Health. 1992;17:37–51.

Ramos IN May M Ramos KS . Environmental health training of promotoras in colonias along the Texas–Mexico border. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:568–70.

Anderson JV Bybee DI Brown RM . 5 a day fruit and vegetable intervention improves consumption in a low income population. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:195–202.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Cultural Competence for Health Care Professionals Working With African American Communities: Theory and Practice: U.S. Government Printing Office (DHHS Publication no. 98–3238); 1998. Cultural Competence Series, #7.

Campbell MK Honess-Morreale L Farrell D Carbone E Brasure M . A tailored multimedia nutrition education pilot program for low-income women receiving food assistance. Health Education Research. 1999;14:257–67.

Ramirez AG Suarez L Laufman L Barroso C Chalela P . Hispanic women's breast and cervical cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors. Am J Health Promot. 2000;14:292–300.

Yancey AK Tanjasiri SP Klein M Tunder J . Increased cancer screening behavior in women of color by culturally sensitive video exposure. Prev Med. 1995;24:142–8.

Perez-Stable EJ Ramirez A Villareal R . Cigarette smoking behavior among US Latino men and women from different countries of origin. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1424–30.

Whitehorse LE Manzano R Baezconde-Garbanati LA Hahn G . Culturally tailoring a physical activity program for Hispanic women: Recruitment successes of La Vida Buena's Salsa Aerobics. Journal of Health Education. 1999;30:S18–24.

Vazquez IM Millen B Bissett L Levenson SM Chipkin SR . Buena Alimentacion, Buena Salud: A preventive nutrition intervention in Caribbean Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Am J Health Promot. 1998;13:116–19.

National Alliance for Hispanic Health. Quality Health Services for Hispanics: The Cultural Competency Component. DHHS Publication no. 99–21; 2001.

Earp JA Altpeter M Mayne L Viadro CI O'Malley MS . The North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program: foundations and design of a model for reaching older, minority, rural women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995;35:7–22.

Government

NIH Program of Action: Addressing Health Disparities http://healthdisparities.nih.gov/

Office of Minority Health http://www.omhrc.gov/

Indian Health Service http://www.ihs.gov/

General Facts and Information

Chartbook on Health Trends in the Health of Americans http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus02cht.pdf

Hispanic American Health Facts: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/hisfacts.htm

American Indian Health Facts http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/indfacts.htm

Asian & Pacific Islander Health Facts http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/apifacts.htm

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http://www.minority.unc.edu

University of Pittsburgh http://www.pitt.edu/∼gsphhome/emh/emh.htm

Emory University http://www.sph.emory.edu/bshe/imhr/

Access to Care

The Commonwealth Fund http://www.cmwf.org/programs/minority/index.asp

National Association of Community Health Centers http://www.nachc.com/

Cross Cultural Health Care Program http://www.xculture.org/

Latin American Health Institute http://www.lhi.org/

Asian Health Services http://www.nachc.com/

National Black Women's Health Project http://www.blackwomenshealth.org/

Multiculturalism

National Multicultural Institute http://www.nmci.org/

Cultural Competence Standards for Health Care http://www.omhrc.gov/clas/

The Center for Cross Cultural Health http://www.crosshealth.com/

Social Justice

Living wage campaigns http://www.laborstudies.wayne.edu/livingwage.html

Living Wage Resource Center http://www.livingwagecampaign.org/

Environmental Justice

West Harlem Environmental Action, Inc http://www.weact.org/

Environmental Justice Resource Center http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/

“Promoting Health in Multicultural Populations: A Handbook for Practitioners” by Huff R.M. & Kline M.V. (Eds.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (1997).

“Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research” by Smedley B.D. , & Syme S.L. (Eds). Washington, DC: National Academy Press (2000)

“Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs” by The Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: Ntional Academy Press (1999).

“Integrating Behavioral and Social Sciences with Public Health” by: Schneiderman N. Speers M.A. Silva J.M. Tomes H. , & Gentry J.H. (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association (2001).

“Promoting Human Wellness: New frontiers for research, practice, and policy” by: Jamner M. Schneider & Stokols D. Eds. Berkeley: University of California Press (2000).