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Abstract

6-Chlorotryptophan possesses unique bioactivity and can be used as a precursor for several bioactive compounds in medicinal chemistry. It was enantioselectively synthesized by condensing 6-chloroindole with racemic N-acetylserine, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with L-aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14). The optical purity was examined by conducting high-performance liquid chromatography with a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phase (CSP) [CHIRALPAK® ZWIX(+)], which bears a chiral trans-2-aminocyclohexanesulfonic acid moiety tagged at C-9 of the Cinchona alkaloid. The zwitterionic CSP enabled efficient enantiomeric separations of monosubstituted tryptophan derivatives 1-methyltryptophan, 5-methyltryptophan, 6-methyltryptophan, 5-methoxytryptophan, and 6-chlorotryptophan with a methanol/H₂O (98/2) mobile phase containing formic acid (FA) and diethylamine (DEA) additives. The mobile phase contains 25–75 mM FA and 20–50 mM DEA, enabling good separation of the enantiomers of each tryptophan derivative (α > 1.25). Thus, the optical purity of the synthesized 6-chloro-L-tryptophan was easily determined (greater than 99.0%) using HPLC with the zwitterionic CSP.

Keywords

6-chlorotryptophan enantiomer CHIRALPAK® ZWIX(+)high-performance liquid chromatography

Introduction

L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) is an essential amino acid and an important nutrient as it is a protein constituent in biological organisms. It is metabolized in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, which is a major pathway of Trp metabolism in vivo,^1–3 to produce neuroactive compounds such as kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid.

Monosubstituted Trp derivatives such as 6-chlorotryptophan (6-chloro-Trp) and 1-methyltryptophan (1-methyl-Trp) inhibit the enzyme activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of L-Trp to L-KYN² in the KYN pathway.⁴ Recently, studies on the inhibition of IDO have been carried out with a focus on the treatment of cancer, cataract, and Alzheimer's disease⁵; therefore, a selective inhibitor of IDO is a desired novel drug candidate.⁶ Furthermore, the optical isomers of monosubstituted Trp derivatives, the L- and D-forms, should be considered, since both 1-methyl-L-Trp and 1-methyl-D-Trp exhibit IDO inhibition.⁷ In addition, optically active monosubstituted Trp derivatives can be used as starting materials for bioactive compounds such as lysergic acid and claviciptic acid.^6,8,9 Tus, assessment of optical purity is required during the syntheses of optically pure monosubstituted Trp derivatives.

Recently, a novel chiral stationary phase (CSP) for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP, was reported by Lindner's group,¹⁰ and the packed chiral column [CHIRALPAK® ZWIX (+) or (–)] is currently commercially available from CPI Company, Daicel Co., Ltd. The zwitterionic CSP can afford enantiomeric separations of chiral acids, amines, and amino acids, including Trp, without further chemical derivatization.^10,11 Using a mobile phase of aqueous methanol containing formic acid (FA) and diethylamine (DEA), enantiomeric separations of some Trp derivatives were reported recently by Zhang et al.¹¹ Thus, in the present study, enantiomeric separations of 6-chloro-Trp and other monosubstituted Trp derivatives were examined using the zwitterionic CSP. The optical purity of 6-chloro-l-Trp obtained (according to Fig. 1) via enzyme kinetic resolution⁸ was also examined using the zwitterionic CSP.

Figure 1.

Synthetic route of 6-chloro-L-Trp.

Experimental

Chemicals

Trp, KYN, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-hydroxy-KYN), 1-methyl-Trp, 6-chloro-Trp, 5-methyltryptophan (5-methyl-Trp), 6-methyltryptophan (6-methyl-Trp), and 5-methoxytryptophan (5-methoxy-Trp) were obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. and Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. HPLC-grade methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (CH₃CN), FA, special-grade ethyl acetate (EtOAc), DEA, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂6H₂O), and L-aminoacylase (AMANO) were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. Water was used after purification using a WR600G instrument (Nihon Millipore K.K.). 6-Chloroindole was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 9-Azajulolidine was obtained from Sigma Co., Ltd.

HPLC

The HPLC system comprised an intelligent pump (LC-10 AD), a UV detector (SPD-10 A), and CDS software ver. 6 (LAsoft Ltd.). All separations on the chiral column were performed at room temperature. The chiral column, featuring trans-2-aminocyclohexanesulfonic acid tagged at the C-9 position of the Cinchona alkaloid (quinine) via carbamate linkage and chemically bound onto silica gel [CHIRALPAK ZWIX(+); 250 × 4.0 mm i.d.,5 mm], was purchased from CPI Company, Daicel Co., Ltd. and connected to the HPLC system described above. For reversed-phase HPLC, the mobile phase comprised 0–100 mM FA and 0–100 mM DEA in aqueous MeOH [MeOH/H₂O (98/2)], and flowed at a constant rate of 0.5 mL/minute. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. For analysis, 20 μL of each sample (2.0 nmol/10 μL in the mobile phase) was injected into the HPLC system. The degree of enantiomeric separation was evaluated using the resolutions (R_s) and separation factors (α):

R_{s} = 2 \times \frac{(t_{R 2} - t_{R 1})}{(w_{1} + w_{2})}, α = \frac{k_{1}}{k_{2}}

where t_R1, t_R2 and w₁, w₂ are, respectively, the retention times and peak widths of the first and second eluted peaks, and k₁ and k₂ indicate capacity factors of the first and second eluted peaks.

Synthesis of 6-chloro-L-Trp

The synthesis of 6-chloro-L-Trp was carried out following procedures reported in previous papers.⁸ A mixture of 6-chloroindole (1) (37.8 mg, 0.25 mmol), N-acetylserine (2) (73.1 mg, 0.50 mmol), and 9-azajulolidine (11.7 mg, 0.075 mmol) in CHCl₃ (1.0 mL) was stirred in the presence of acetic acid (0.09 mL) and acetic anhydride (0.08 mL) under argon overnight at room temperature. After the reaction was complete, 2 mL of H₂O was added to the mixture, which was then basified with 30% NaOH in H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL × 3). The aqueous phase was acidified with 35% HCl in H₂O, and then extracted with EtOAc (25 mL × 3). The organic layer was washed with a saturated NaCl aqueous solution, dried with anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica-gel column chromatography to yield racemic N-acetyl-6-chloro-Trp (3) (25.6 mg, yield 36.5%). Subsequently, N-acetyl-6-chloro-Trp (25.6 mg) was dissolved in 1.0 M NaOH in H₂O (0.5 mL). Acylase (3.12 mg), CoCl₂·6H₂O (1.26 mg), and 20 mM ammonium hydrogen phosphate (pH 7.50) (10.0 mL) were added, and the reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C for 40 hours. After the enzymatic reaction was complete, the reaction solution was acidified with 10% HCl in H₂O and extracted with EtOAc (25 mL × 3). The aqueous phase was neutralized with 2% NaOH in H₂O and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative-scale reversed-phase column chromatography with Purif-α2 (Shoko Scientific Co., Ltd.) to afford 6-chloro-L-Trp as white crystals (2.30 mg, yield 8.99%) (4), ¹H NMR (D₂O) δ7.55 (d, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.06 (d, 1H), 3.93–3.90 (t, 1H), and 3.35–3.14 (m, 2H).

Enantiomeric excess (ee, %) was calculated using the following equation:

ee (%) = \frac{X_{2} - X_{1}}{X_{1} + X_{2}} \times 100

where X₁ and X₂ are the peak areas of the first and second eluted enantiomers (X₂ > X₁).

Results and Discussion

Enantiomeric separation of Trp derivatives and the metabolites

A Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP was used for an amphoteric compound, 6-chloro-Trp, because it has been reported that such a zwitterionic CSP¹⁰ [CHIRALPAK ZWIX(+)] was effective for the enantiomeric separation of racemic amphoteric compounds.¹¹ In addition to 6-chloro-Trp, enantiomeric separations of several Trp derivatives and metabolites (Fig. 2) were tested. As the mobile phase, aqueous MeOH (MeOH/H₂O = 98/2) containing FA and DEA was used, as reported in previous papers,^10,11 and the effects of the FA and DEA concentrations in the aqueous MeOH mobile phase on the enantiomeric separation of Trp derivatives and metabolites were investigated.

Figure 2.

Chemical structures of Trp and their derivatives (1-methyl-D,L-Trp, 5-methyl-D,L-Trp, 6-methyl-D,L-Trp, 5-methoxy-D,L-Trp, and 6-chloro-D,L-Trp), and Trp metabolites (D,L-KYN and 3-hydroxy-D,L-KYN).

Table 1 shows the R_s and α values of Trp derivatives and metabolites using several concentrations of FA and DEA in aqueous MeOH. As shown in Table 1, the enantiomers of each Trp derivative as well as Trp can be separated effectively (α > 1.25). These results were consistent with those in previous studies.^10,11 When the acidic additive (FA) concentration was greater than 40 mM in the mobile phase, the R_s values of Trp derivatives increased by 2.0 or more. In the presence of 50 mM FA, 25 mM basic additive (DEA) was optimal, because 50, 75, and 100 mM DEA yielded no elution of either enantiomer of Trp derivatives, while 0 mM DEA produced only a single peak at void volume (V₀) in the chromatogram. However, a larger concentration of FA (75 mM) led to elution and separation of both enantiomers even in the presence of 50 mM DEA, likely owing to the counteracting effect between FA and DEA. Among the Trp derivatives, the R_s and α values of 1-methyl-D,L-Trp were relatively small, suggesting that methylation at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring greatly affected the enantiomer recognition of the CSP. In contrast, methylation at the 5- or 6-position of the indole ring afforded large R_s and α values. Since the methyl group is an electron-donating group, it was speculated that introduction of electron-donating groups to the 5- or 6-position of the indole ring increased enantiomer recognition. Substitution with methoxy or chloro groups at the 5- or 6-position of the indole ring resulted in a decreased enantiomer recognition compared to Trp. These tendencies were consistent with those reported in previous papers.^10,11 Therefore, monosubstitution on the indole ring can greatly influence the enantiomer recognition of the CSP. Figure 3 shows representative chromatograms of 6-chloro-D, L-Trp with a mobile phase of MeOH/H₂O containing 50 mM FA and 25 mM DEA. With regard to the elution order of enantiomers, the D-isomer of 6-chloro-Trp eluted earlier, similar to Trp and 1-methyl-Trp.¹¹ The elution orders of other Trp derivatives, 5-methyl-Trp, 6-methyl-Trp, and 5-methoxy-Trp, were unclear because optically pure standards could not be obtained.

Table 1.

Separation factor (α) and resolution (R_s) of Trp, the derivatives, and Trp metabolites on the Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP.

	25 mM FA	25 mM DEA	50 mM FA	25 mM DEA	50 mM FA	20 mM DEA	40 mM FA	20 mM DEA	60 mM FA	20 mM DEA	75 mM FA	50 mM DEA
	α	R _S	α	R _S	α	R _S	α	R _S	α	R _S	α	R _S
D,L-Trp	1.45	2.57	1.51	5.04	1.50	5.14	1.50	4.87	1.49	5.02	1.47	4.21
1-Methyl-D,L-Trp	1.28	1.52	1.27	2.92	1.27	2.64	1.27	2.51	1.26	2.61	1.27	2.14
5-Methyl-D,L-Trp	1.52	2.96	1.56	5.39	1.55	5.43	1.56	5.15	1.54	5.40	1.53	4.79
6-Methyl-D,L-Trp	1.59	3.65	1.59	5.74	1.58	5.98	1.58	5.59	1.63	6.08	1.58	5.03
5-Methoxy-D,L-Trp	1.48	1.87	1.47	4.92	1.46	4.93	1.46	4.71	1.46	4.84	1.45	4.23
6-Chloro-D,L-Trp	1.33	2.22	1.38	3.99	1.38	4.37	1.39	3.96	1.39	4.09	1.36	3.49
D,L-KYN	1.26	1.36	1.28	2.55	1.27	2.72	1.27	2.46	1.29	2.78	1.27	2.22
3-Hydroxy-D,L-KYN	1.26	1.18	1.25	2.43	1.26	2.67	1.26	2.31	1.27	2.71	1.26	2.20

Figure 3.

Chromatogram of a 6-chloro-D,L-Trp standard (A) and synthesized 6-chloro-L-Trp (B) on Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP with a mobile phase of 50 mM FA and 25 mM DEA in MeOH/H₂O (98/2).

On the other hand, the enantiomers of Trp metabolites, KYN and 3-hydroxy-KYN, were separated effectively using 60 mM FA and 25 mM DEA. The L-isomers of KYN and 3-hydroxy-KYN eluted earlier on the column, and this was consistent with the results from a previous study.¹¹

Evaluation of optical purity of synthesized 6-chloro-L-Trp

In the present study, we attempted the synthesis of 6-chloro-L-Trp, as shown in Figure 1.⁸ The substitution reaction of monosubstituted indole with N-acetylserine in the presence of acetic anhydride produced racemic N-acetylmonosubstituted Trp.⁸ Although optically active N-acetylserine was employed, racemic N-acetyl-monosubstituted Trp was obtained owing to deprotonation at the asymmetric carbon of N-acetylserine during the reaction.⁸ Therefore, in order to obtain optically active monosubstituted L-Trp from racemic N-acetyl-monosubstituted Trp, optical resolution (kinetic resolution) using L-aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14) was required. Kinetic resolution using acylase provides only monosubstituted L-Trp via selective hydrolysis of N-acetyl-monosubstituted L-Trp. Utilizing these reactions, the synthesis of 6-chloro-L-Trp was attempted as shown in Figure 1. Finally, the synthesized 6-chloro-L-Trp was isolated, and its optical purity was investigated by HPLC with a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP. As shown in Figure 3B, the 6-chloro-L-Trp peak was detected, while no detectable peak was observed at the expected retention time of 6-chloro-D-Trp. As a result, the ee value calculated from the peak areas was greater than 99.0%. Therefore, it was clear that 6-chloro-L-Trp with high optical purity was synthesized through the proposed synthetic route,⁸ and that HPLC with a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP successfully evaluated the optical purity of 6-chloro-L-Trp synthesized in our laboratory, as revealed by the complete separation of 6-chloro-L- and D-Trp (Table 1).

Conclusion

Enantiomeric separation of monosubstituted Trp derivatives by HPLC was easily performed using a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP, and no derivatization reactions of Trp derivatives were required. In the mobile phase, volatile constituents such as FA and DEA were used; therefore, highly sensitive and accurate mass-spectrometric detection of the enantiomers in biological samples would be possible. Thus, the optical purity of 6-chloro-L-Trp synthesized in our laboratory was successfully evaluated by conducting HPLC with the Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic CSP.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. H. Yamada and Miss M. Seshimo, Toho University, for their kind advice and valuable discussion on this study.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TF, H. Iizuka, H. Ichiba. Performed experiments and analyzed the data: AS, IF, SI, MO. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: TF, H. Iizuka, H. Ichiba. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: HH, YY. Made critical revisions and approved the final version: HH, YY. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

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