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Abstract

Background

Bleeding events after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are associated with patients' age, gender, and the presence of chronic kidney disease, antithrombotic treatment, as well as arterial access site. Patients being treated by PCI using radial access site are associated with an improved prognosis. However, the safety of femoral closure devices has never been compared to radial compression devices following PCI. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of femoral closure compared to radial compression devices in patients treated by PCI envisaging access site bleedings as well as short- and long-term prognostic outcomes.

Methods

The Femoral Closure versus Radial Compression Devices Related to Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (FERARI) study is a single-center observational study comparing 400 consecutive patients undergoing PCI either using radial compression devices (TR Band^™) or femoral closure devices (Angio-Seal^™) at the corresponding access site. The primary outcome consists of the occurrence of vascular complications at the arterial access site, including major bleedings as defined by common classification systems. Secondary outcomes consist of the occurrence of adverse cardiac events, including all-cause mortality, target lesion revascularization, and target vessel revascularization during 30 days and 12 months of follow-up.

Results

Study enrollment was initiated in February 2014. The enrollment phase is expected to last until May 2015.

Conclusions

The FERARI study intends to comparatively evaluate the safety and prognostic outcome of patients being treated by radial or femoral arterial closure devices following PCI during daily clinical practice.

Keywords

PCI radial femoral access site bleedings closure device

Introduction

The occurrence of bleedings represents one of the most relevant complications significantly increasing short-term and long-term all-cause mortality in patients being treated by percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).^1–3 A recent meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials (OASIS, OASIS-2, and CURE) evaluating patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without persistent ST-segment elevation (non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]) being treated by PCI and different consecutive antithrombotic therapeutic regimens (ie, heparin versus hirudin; clopidogrel in addition to aspirin) demonstrated an increased prevalence of all-cause mortality in those patients developing major bleedings compared to those without (mortality rates: 12.8% versus 2.5%; P < 0.00001).¹ Accordingly, pooling data from studies evaluating bivalirudin and heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (ie, REPLACE-2, ACUITY, and HORIZONS-AMI) in 17,034 patients undergoing PCI revealed an increased risk of all-cause mortality at 1 year being caused by an increase in non-CABG-related bleedings.²

However, it is still unclear whether adverse bleedings are associated with access site or non-access site bleedings.^3–5 Verheugt et al showed that a higher adjusted mortality risk was associated with non-access compared to access site bleedings (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.07-5.15, P < 0.0001 versus HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.17-2.83, P = 0.008).³ In contrast, another meta-analysis pooled data from three studies, evaluating different antithrombotic therapies (ie, heparin versus hirudin, eptifibatide versus placebo, and lamifiban versus placebo) in a total of 26,452 patients, and demonstrated an increasing risk of mortality accompanied by similar rates of procedure and non-procedure related bleedings.⁴ Accordingly, Vavalle et al proved that severe bleedings assessed by the “Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries” (GUSTO) classification was associated with an increased risk of death or myocardial infarction at 6 months irrespective of the bleedings' origin (evaluated in patients with NSTEMI randomized either to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin).⁵

In the last decade, it was aimed to reduce bleeding risks both by improved medical therapies and with innovative interventional devices. For instance, bivalirudin was shown to significantly reduce bleeding events in patients with an ACS undergoing PCI.^6,7 Smaller sheath diameters of cardiac catheters with better trackability represent an innovative device-related improvement.^8,9 Additionally, the wider use of radial arterial access site leads to a reduction of both bleeding risks and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).^10,11 Current European guidelines on myocardial revascularization recommend the use of the radial approach in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) based only on a class of recommendation IIb (level of evidence A).¹²

However, using either the radial or femoral approach as well as using one of the different available vascular closure devices (VCD)^13,14 depends highly on the preference of the selected PCI center and local experiences of the performing operators during clinical routine practice.^15,16 Accordingly, a multinational observational study revealed that the radial approach was only assessed in 11% of PCI patients evaluated in 23 different countries of four continents.¹⁷ In Germany, the radial approach was used in 24%, whereas the femoral approach was still applied in 76% of PCI patients with STEMI between 2008 and 2012.¹⁸

Arterial Closure Devices Depending on the Arterial Access Site

Radial Approach

Due to the superficial anatomic course of the radial artery, the radial approach reveals an easier manual compression. Immediate remobilization after PCI additionally favors the radial approach compared to the femoral approach, because it is associated with an increase in the patient's comfort.¹⁹ In a large-scaled analysis of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) database, Mamas et al demonstrated a significant improvement of both short-term 30-day all-cause mortality (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52-0.97; P < 0.05) and access site complications (HR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19-0.75; P < 0.01) in 46,128 patients with STEMI using the radial approach.¹¹ In contrast, the radial approach is associated with an increased risk of arterial spasms or even occlusion. Additionally, the more tortuous course of the arteries of the upper extremity might sometimes necessitate to switch toward the femoral artery, which might also extend the duration of fluoroscopy.^20–22

Different compression methods and devices are currently available on the market. Among these are simple circumferential short stretch bandages and the MAQUET AIR-BAND^™ (MAQUET Holding B.V. & Co. KG), Seal One (Perouse Medical), HELIX (Vascular Perspectives Ltd.), Finale^® (Merit Medical Systems, Inc.), as well as the TR Band^™ (Terumo Corporation). The TR Band^™ was recently evaluated as a safe compression device after radial PCI.²³

Femoral Approach

The femoral approach is associated with a faster and easier accuracy of arterial puncture, absence of arterial spasms, increased backup during PCI, and reduced PCI-related radiation time.^10,22,24 Additionally, the femoral approach allows multiple punctures and bigger sizes of different sheaths. Less frequently occurring but nonetheless of considerable consequences are pseudo-aneurysms, arterio-venous fistulae and limb ischemia being caused by an occlusion of the femoral artery following PCI.⁹ Risk factors increasing the risk of relevant femoral complications such as bleedings include aggressive antithrombotic therapies,²⁵ female gender, age, and chronic kidney disease.^26,27

In order to reduce relevant bleeding rates after femoral PCI, VCD were developed in the mid-1990s. There are three basic types of VCD: collagen based (Angio-Seal^™; St. Jude Medical, Inc.), suture based (Perclose ProGlide, Abbott Vascular, Inc.), and staples and clips.¹³ Their common primary purpose is to provide an effective and rapid hemostasis in order to reduce relevant bleeding complications and time to discharge.^28–30 However, conflicting data concerning their safety have recently been published. Koreny et al summarized results of 30 different studies reporting an increasing risk of developing hematomas compared to standard manual compression.³¹ Hence, Tavris et al observed a reduced incidence of vascular complications and bleedings in patients treated with femoral closure devices (such as the Angioseal, Vasoseal, Duett, Perclose, Techstar, Prostar) (OR = 0.68 [0.65-0.70], P < 0.001).³²

Focused Perspective

Only retrospective data are available for directly comparing femoral VCDs with radial compression devices.^33,34 Currently ongoing studies will specifically address radial access compared to femoral access using femoral VCD in NSTEMI patients.³⁵ However, a direct comparison of one specific radial versus one specific femoral closure device during daily routine practice in a real-world fashion has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to compare the safety of one femoral closure device with one radial closure device with specific regard to differences of access site bleedings, peri- and postprocedural treatment differences, as well as short- and long-term prognostic outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease treated by PCI during daily clinical workup.

Methods

Study Population

The “Femoral Closure versus Radial Compression Devices Related to Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (FERARI)” study is a single-center prospective, nonrandomized observational study being performed at the First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM) in Mannheim, Germany (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02455661). The study is carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the medical ethics commission II of the Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Written informed consent is obtained from all participating patients or their legal representatives.

Patients being planned for PCI are screened at our cardiologic department and consecutively included in this study, when they are treated either using radial arterial access site in combination with one specific vascular compression device (TR Band^™) or using femoral arterial access site in combination with one specific VCD (Angio-Seal^™; french size 6F). Inclusion criteria of the FERARI study are listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Eligibility criteria of the FERARI study.

INCLUSION CRITERIA	EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Patient informed about the study, signing the free informed consent	Inability to understand and sign the informed consent term
Elective PCI with following indications: Stable coronary artery disease: Angina pectoris inducible by exercise, emotion or other stress and reproducible; may also be occurring spontaneously; also includes the stabilized, often asymptomatic, phases that follow an ACS. Proven ischemia: by electrocardiogram exercise testing, stress echocardiography, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy or stress cardiac magnetic resonance. Cardiac arrhythmia. Syncope: loss of consciousness due to transient global cerebral hypoperfusion characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery	Pregnancy
Unstable AP defined as NSTEMI (see below) but without cardiac troponin elevation	Less 18 years of age
NSTEMI defined as: Prolonged (>20 min) anginal pain at rest; new onset (de novo) angina (Class II or III of the Classification of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society); recent destabilization of previously stable angina with at least Canadian Cardiovascular Society Class III angina characteristics (crescendo angina); or post-MI angina; electrocardiogram without persistent ST-segment elevation; persistent or transient ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion, flat T waves, or pseudo-normalization of T waves; cardiac troponin elevation	Single diagnostic coronary angiography
STEMI defined as: Patients with acute chest pain with persistent (>20 min) ST-segment elevation measured at the J point, should be found in two contiguous leads and be ≥0.25 mV in men below the age of 40 years, ≥0.2 mV in men over the age of 40 years, or ≥0.15 mV in women in leads V2-V3 and/or ≥0.1 mV in other leads	Active or high bleeding risk (thrombocytopenia <50,000/μl)
Patients eligible for coronary angiography and both radial and femoral PCI	Femoral approach and PCI without using a vascular closure device
Positive Allen-test defined as normal perfusion of the radial and ulnar artery	Use of other vascular closure devices than Angio-Seal^™ or TR-Band^™
Operator graduated in both approaches	Other conditions hampering involvement in the study
Requirement of using a vascular closure device (without contraindications)

Patients with diagnostic angiography, prior active bleeding, increased risk of bleeding (defined as relevant thrombocytopenia <50,000/μL or hemorrhagic diatheses), PCIs using femoral approach without or with a different VCD than the evaluated one, age <18 years, and relevant neurologic disorders (such as residual neurologic disability, dementia), as well as patients with language barriers are excluded.

The study is designed as an open-label, observational all-comers study in order to recruite a generalizable and representative study population comparable to the daily practice in other PCI centers.^36,37 All patients are followed-up for 24 hours, 30 days, and 12 months after the index procedure both by initial personal in-hospital and final standardized telephone visits.

Primary Outcomes

The primary outcome is defined by all relevant arterial access site complications within 30 days after PCI. Access site complications are listed in Table 2 and mainly consist of bleedings, hematoma (graduated by diameters in centimeter, estimated deepness, and induration) pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous fistulae, arterial occlusion, nerve injury, and need for vascular surgical repair. Bleedings are classified according to established criteria such as the “Bleeding Academic Research Consortium,” “The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction” (TIMI), and “The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries” (GUSTO).³⁸ A study-specific classification system for PCI-related complications was developed (so called “FERARI” classification). In case of relevant bleeding complications, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet counts as well as hemostaseologic parameters (such as international normalized ratio, INR) are assessed regularly after PCI.

Table 2.

Outcome definitions of the FERARI study

TERM	DEFINITION
Primary Outcomes
Bleedings according to classifications
BARC	[0] No bleeding [1] Bleeding that is not actionable and does not cause the patient to seek unscheduled performance of studies, hospitalization, or treatment by a healthcare professional; may include episodes leading to self-discontinuation of medical therapy by the patient without consulting a healthcare professional [2] Any overt, actionable sign of hemorrhage (eg, more bleeding than would be expected for a clinical circumstance, including bleeding found by imaging alone) that does not fit the criteria for type 3, 4, or 5 but does meet at least one of the following criteria: (1) requiring nonsurgical, medical intervention by a healthcare professional, (2) Leading to hospitalization or increased level of care, or (3) prompting evaluation [3a] Bleeding with hemoglobin drop ≥3 and <5 g/dl, or packed red cells transfusion [3b] Bleeding with hemoglobin drop ≥5 g/dl, heart tamponade, bleeding requiring surgical intervention or bleeding requiring intravenous inotropic drugs [3c] Intracranial hemorrhage; subcategories confirmed by autopsy, imaging examinations or lumbar puncture, intraocular bleeding with vision impairment [4] CABG-related bleeding • Perioperative intracranial bleeding within 48 h • Reoperation after closure of sternotomy for the purpose of controlling bleeding • Transfusion of ≥5 U whol e blood or packed red blood cells within a 48-h period • Chest tube output ≥2 L within a 24-h period [5a] Possibly fatal bleeding [5b] Definitive fatal bleeding
GUSTO	[severe] Intracerebral hemorrhage resulting in substantial hemodynamic compromise requiring treatment [moderate] Requiring blood transfusion but not resulting in hemodynamic compromise [mild] Bleeding that does not meet criteria for either severe or moderate bleeding
TIMI	[major] • Any intracranial bleeding (excluding microhemorrhages <10 mm evident only on gradient-echo MRI) • Clinically overt signs of hemorrhage associated with a drop in hemoglobin of ≥5 g/dL • Fatal bleeding (bleeding that directly results in death within 7d) [minor] • Observed blood loss: ≥3 g/dl decrease in the hemoglobin concentration or ≥10% decrease in the hematocrit • No observed blood loss: ≥4 g/dl decrease in the hemoglobin concentration or ≥12% decrease in the hematocrit [minimal] Any clinically overt sign of hemorrhage (including imaging) that is associated with a <3 g/dl decrease in the hemoglobin concentration or <9% decrease in the hematocrit Hematoma located to access site
FERARI	[0] No bleeding [1] <5 cm [2] 5-15 cm [3] 15-30 cm [4] Bleeding events like pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, arterial occlusion, vascular surgical repair, retroperitoneal hematoma
Pseudoaneurysm	Located do the access site after PCI; connection between a perivascular hematoma and the arterial lumen. Diagnosis is determined by circulation noises and proved by duplex sonography.
Arteriovenous fistula	Located to the access site; pathological connection between punctured arterial vessel and venous vessel. Diagnosis is determined by circulation noises and proved by duplex sonography.
Infection	Located to the access site with introduction of microorganisms and signs like local pain, redness, edema, increased temperature, pus and/or leukocytosis with a left shift
Arterial occlusion	Defined as relocation of the arterial lumen at the puncture site with consecutive ischemia of the supplied area. Confirming by duplex sonography.
Vascular surgical repair	Complications at the arterial access site requiring surgical intervention.
Nerve injury	Pain, loss of sensibility, and/or motor disorder located to the access site after PCI.
Retroperitoneal hematoma	Defined as blood collecting in the retrop eritoneal space after femoral artery puncture with clinical signs like drop of hemoglobin and hematocrit, hypotension, inguinal pain. Has to be proved by abdominal sonography/CT.
Secondary outcomes
Major adverse events	Death (cardiavascular or non-cardiovascular) Myocardial infarction Stroke Acute kidney injury (AKI) Target vessel revascularization (TVR) Target lesion revascularization (TLR) Stent thrombosis Ventricular fibrillation Evaluation of MAE related to access site bleeding, MAE related to non-access site bleeding and MAE related to total bleeding (secondary outcome). Radiation exposure Height of arterial puncture (femoral group) Failure rates of vascular closure devices

Secondary Outcomes

Secondary outcomes consist of major adverse events (MAE), such as death (cardiovascular or noncardiovascular), myocardial infarction, stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI), stent thrombosis, and target lesion revascularization (TLR) or target vessel revascularization (TVR), as well as any further bleedings occurring within the following 12 months after initial PCI as shown in Table 2. Further secondary outcomes consist of differences in radiation exposure between both groups. The height of arterial puncture in the femoral group is also evaluated.

Procedures

Patients fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria were considered for the study. The choice of PCI access site, interventional techniques, and materials such as sheath sizes is not influenced by the study investigators and solely belongs to the operators' discretion depending on the real-life setting in which the PCI is performed. Only four different experienced interventional cardiologists performed PCIs in this study with a minimum volume of 300 PCI cases per year and an equal distribution of experiences with both the radial and femoral approach of each operator. Operators had already implanted at least 100 AngioSeal(R) femoral closure devices per year. Patients were allocated to the access site group, in which the PCI is finally performed. Switching of crossover procedures from radial to femoral access site or vice versa is avoided. PCI and adjunct antithrombotic treatment are initiated as recommended by current European guidelines (Table 3).³⁹

Table 3.

Antithrombotic therapies after PCI in the FERARI study.

DRUG	LOADING DOSE	MAINTENANCE DOSE	DURATION
Aspirin	500 mg iv	100 mg/d po	Indefinitely
Clopidogrel	300 or 600 mg po	75 mg/d po	1-12 months
Prasugrel	60 mg po	10 mg/d po	12 months
Ticagrelor	180 mg po	180 mg/d po	12 months
Heparin	5000 U peri-PCI ACT target >250 ms
Patients requiring oral anticoagulation
Phenprocoumon			Tageted by INR
Rivaroxaban		15 mg/d po	indefinitely
Dabigatran		110 mg/d po	indefinitely
Apixaban		5 mg/d po	indefinitely

Echocardiographic results, standard laboratory parameters, such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, and cardiac enzymes, such as troponin I, are assessed before PCI.

Radial Arterial Closure

The TR Band^™ is used as the only radial compression device in this study. According to the instruction of use, the sheath is retracted by 2-3 cm after PCI. The green marker of the compression balloon is adjusted proximal to the puncture site, and the strap is fixed on the wrist with the fastener. About 15 mL of air is injected into the balloon, and contemporarily the sheath is removed making sure that there is no bleeding. After four hours of radial compression, the TR Band^™ is removed after gradual deflation by 2-3 mL every 30 minutes until final hemostasis. After removal of the band, a sticking plaster is attached. During the process of motor function, vascularization and neurologic sensitivity at the access site are checked regularly.

Femoral Arterial Closure

This study only uses the Angio-Seal^™ as the preferred VCD of the femoral access site after PCI in the absence of contraindications. Before placement, a selected angiography of the iliacofemoral region is recommended. In case of slight to normal arterial calcification and straight course of arteries, the decision to implant the AngioSeal^™ is made.

The Angio-Seal^™ is composed of an absorbable polymer anchor compressing the inner vascular wall and an absorbable collagen sponge compressing the outer vascular wall. According to the instructions of use, an insertion sheath and an arteriotomy locator are snapped together and positioned with an introducer right in the femoral artery noticeable of the blood reflow. After removing the insertion sheath and introducer, the Angio-Seal^™ device is inserted through the locator. A clicking sound indicates that the anchor has left the sheath. Pulling back the device, the anchor was pressed against the inner vessel wall and further retreat released the collagen plug in the exterior puncture hole. After removing the whole components of the device, a suture tube appeared. Applying pressure downward and meanwhile pulling back the device hub, the collagen compacts the outer vessel wall. A black mark is released, which should be cut close to the skin. After femoral puncture is closed with Angio-Seal^™, a circumferential compression bandage was applied for 6-12 hours and motor function, vascularization, and sensibility were checked regularly.

Statistical Analysis

According to the estimation of the power using the data of the first 100 patients, a sample size of 200 in each group has 90% power to detect an increase of 56% (increase of “0.16” = 16 percentage points) of femoral bleedings at a significant level (alpha) of 0.05 (two tailed). In this estimation of the power with the first 100 patients, the proportion of bleedings in patients with femoral access is 0.45 and that with radial access is 0.29. The difference between the proportions is 0.16 (16 percent points resulting in a 56% increase). In order to achieve balanced groups, patients will be consecutively included in the study until equal numbers of patients according to indications for PCI and relevant periprocedural anticoagulant therapies will be achieved in each treatment group (for instance, for ACS [STEMI/NSTEMI] patients and additional glycoprotein IIIa/IIb inhibitors). Predefined event rates will be compared by frequencies and group percentages, and chi-squared or Fishers's exact test will be applied. Continuous variables will be presented as means and standard deviation, standard error of mean, or median with interquartile ranges depending on the distribution of data. These will be compared by Student's t-test. Known risk factors for access site bleedings,^30,40 such as age, gender, body mass index, renal function, hemoglobin, myocardial enzymes, diabetes mellitus, and different kinds of antithrombotic treatment, will be adjusted within multivariable logistic regression analyses for the above described predefined study endpoints. Statistical analyses are performed using SPSS (version 22.0; SPSS) and GraphPad InStat (GraphPad Software, Inc.).

Results and Discussion

The FERARI study starts enrollment in February 2014 and is intended to be finished in May 2015.

The following hypotheses are investigated comparing patients with radial PCI and TR Band^™ with patients with femoral PCI and Angio-Seal^™ closure device:

•

Evaluation of access site complications in hospital and within 30 days (primary outcome).

•

Evaluation of MACE such as death (cardiovascular or noncardiovascular), myocardial infarction, stroke, AKI, stent thrombosis, and TLR/TVR (secondary outcomes) at 30 days and 12 months.

•

Evaluation of MACE related to access site bleeding, MACE related to non-access site bleeding, and MACE related to total bleeding (secondary outcome).

•

Evaluations of differences in the height of arterial puncture related to device failure (secondary outcome).

•

Evaluation of differences between radiation exposures (secondary outcome).

•

Evaluation of failure rates of vascular closure and compression devices (secondary outcome).

Conclusions

No direct comparison of one specific radial compression with one specific femoral closure device has ever been investigated in patients following PCI. The FERARI study aims to close this lack of evidence by comparatively evaluating the safety and prognostic outcome of patients being treated with one specific radial and femoral arterial closure devices following PCI during daily clinical practice.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: IA, MBe. Analyzed the data: IA, MBe, MÜ, SL. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: MÜ, MBe, IA. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CF, IE-B, KM, RL, MBo, UH. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: MBo, KM, RL, UH. Jointly developed the structure and arguments for the paper: MBo, KM, RL, UH. Made critical revisions and approved final version: CF, IE-B, SL, MBo, KM, RL, UH. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.

Footnotes

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

Thanks in advance to all patients who took part in this study.

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Design and Rationale of the Femoral Closure versus Radial Compression Devices Related to Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (FERARI) Study

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Arterial Closure Devices Depending on the Arterial Access Site

Radial Approach

Femoral Approach

Focused Perspective

Methods

Study Population

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes

Procedures

Radial Arterial Closure

Femoral Arterial Closure

Statistical Analysis

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

Author Contributions

Footnotes

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References