The ecological model of disaster management provides a framework to guide occupational
health nurses who are developing disaster management programs. This ecological model
assumes that disaster planning, preparedness, response, and recovery occur at various
levels of the organization. These nested, increasingly complex organizational levels
include individual and family, workplace, community, state, tribal, federal, and global
levels. The ecological model hypothesizes that these levels interact and these dynamic
interactions determine disaster planning, preparedness, response, and recovery outcomes.
In addition to the features of the hazard or disaster, it is also assumed that parallel
disaster planning, preparedness, and response elements, logistical challenges, and
flexibility, sustainability, and rehabilitation elements occur at each level of the
ecological model. Finally, the model assumes that evaluation of response and recovery
efforts should inform future planning and preparedness efforts.
der HeideE.
Auf (1989). Disaster response
principles of preparation and coordination. St.
Louis: C. V. Mosby.
6.
BeatonR.MurphyS.
(2002). Psychosocial responses to biological and chemical
terrorist threats and events: Implications for the workplace.
AAOHN Journal, 50(4),
182–189.
7.
BeatonR. D.OberleM. W.WicklundJ.StevermerA.BoaseJ.OwensD.
(2003). Evaluation of the Washington State national
pharmaceutical stockpile dispensing exercise: Part I. Patient volunteer
findings. Journal of Public Health Management and
Practice, 9(5),
368–376.
8.
BeatonR.OberleM.WicklundJ.StevermerA.OwensD.
(2004). Evaluation of the Washington State national
pharmaceutical stockpile dispensing exercise: Part II. Dispensary site worker
findings. Journal of Public Health Management and
Practice, 10,
77–85.
9.
BeatonR.StergachisA.OberleM.BridgesL.NemuthM.ThomasT.
(2005). The sarin gas attacks on the Tokyo subway: 10 years
later/lessons learned. Traumatology,
11, 75–85.
10.
BeatonR.StergachisA.ThompsonJ.OsakiC.JohnsonC.CharvatS.
J. (2007).
Pandemic planning and policy considerations for major research
universities: Findings from a gaps analysis of a tabletop exercise.
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 5(4),
1–8.
11.
HeartM. Y. BraveHorseM. Yellow
(1999). Gender differences in the historical trauma response
among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy,
10(4),
1–21.
12.
BronfenbrennerU.
(1977). Toward an experimental ecology in human
development. American Psychologist,
32(4),
513–531.
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (2004). Epidemiologic assessment of the impact
of four hurricanes: Florida. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5428a1.htm
15.
ChurchillW.LaDukeW.
(1992). Native North America: The political economy of
radioactive colonialism. In JaimesM.
A. (Ed.), The state of Native America:
Genocide, colonization, and resistance (pp.
241–226). Boston:
South End Press.
16.
Community Emergency Response Team.
(2007). Community emergency response team. Retrieved July
10, 2008, from www.citizencorps.gov/cert
Department of Homeland Security.
(2006). Lessons learned information sharing. Retrieved
July 10, 2008, from www.llis.dhs.gov
20.
Department of Homeland Security.
(2007). Homeland security exercise and evaluation program
(HSEEP). Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.dhs.gov/xprepresp/training
Federal Financial Institution Examination
Council Development Agency. (2003). IT examination
handbook. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.ffiec.gov
25.
HauM.
(2006). Disaster planning and management. In
SalazarM.
(Ed.), Core curriculum for occupational and environmental health nursing.
Philadelphia: W. B.
Saunders.
Institute of Medicine.
(2002). Preserving and promoting health in Americans.
Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.iom.edu/CMS/2956.aspx
29.
JamesD.
(2005). Terrorism and pregnant women.
Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing,
19(3),
226–237.
30.
Jennings-SaundersA.
(2004). Teaching disaster nursing by utilizing the Jennings
disaster nursing management model. Nurse Education in
Practice, 4,
69–76.
31.
KraneN.DiCaroR.KahnM.
(2007). Medical education in post-Katrina New
Orleans. Journal of the American Medical Association,
298(9),
1052–1055.
32.
LandesmanL.
(2001). Public health management of disasters: The practice
guide (pp. 147–157). Washington,
DC: American Public Health
Association.
33.
LandesmanL. Y.MalilayJ.BissellR. A.BeckerS. M.RobertsL.AscherM. S.
(2001). Roles and responsibilities of public health in
disaster preparedness and response. In NovickL.
F.MarrJ. S.
(Eds.), Public health issues in disaster preparedness: Focus on
bioterrorism (pp. 1–56).
Gaithersburg, MD:
Aspen.
34.
LoshbaughD.
(2000). School of hard knocks: Chugach Alaska (Native) corporation
declares bankruptcy in aftermath of Exxon Valdez oil spill. Retrieved July 10,
2008, from www.juneaualaska.com/between/chugach.shtml
McLeroyK.BibeauD.StecklerA.GlanzK.
(1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion
programs. Health Education Quarterly,
15(4),
351–377.
37.
Medical Reserve Corps.
(2007). Office of civilian volunteer: Medical Reserve
Corps. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.medicalreservecorps.gov/Homepage
38.
National Fire Protection
Association. (2000). Standards for protective ensemble for
structural fire fighting. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.nfpa.org
39.
National Fire Protection
Association. (2007). Family fire planning.
Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.nfpa.org
SalazarM.BeatonR.
(2000). Ecological model of occupational stress: Application
to urban firefighters. AAOHN Journal,
48(10),
470–479.
43.
SalazarM. K.PrimomoJ.
(1994). Taking the lead in environmental
health. AAOHN Journal,
42(7),
317–324.
44.
StergachisA.WetmoreC. M.PennylegionM.BeatonR. D.KarrasB. T.WebbD.
(2007). Evaluation of a mass dispensing functional exercise
in a cities readiness initiative setting. American Journal of
Health-System Pharmacy, 64(3),
285–293.
U.S. Agency for International
Development. (2007). USAID from the American
people. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from www.usaid.gov
48.
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services. (2008). Pandemic flu. Retrieved July
24, 2008, from www.pandemicflu.gov
49.
VeenemaT.
G. (2007). Disaster nursing and
emergency preparedness for chemical, biological and radiological terrorism and other
hazards. New York:
Springer.
50.
VoelkerR.
(2006). Mobile hospital raises questions about hospital
surge capacity. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 295,
1499–1503.
51.
WallaceM.WebberL.
(2004). The disaster recovery handbook: A step-by-step plan to
ensure business continuity and protect vital operations, facilities, and
assets. New York: American
Management Association.
52.
Washington State Department of
Health. (2007). Pandemic influenza. Retrieved
July 10, 2008, from www.doh.wa.gov/panflu
53.
Washington State Department of Health &
Washington Military Department. (2005). Emergency
preparedness handbook: An emergency planning and response guide. Retrieved July
10, 2008, from www.doh.wa.gov/panflu/qna.htm
54.
WisnerB.AdamsJ.
(2002). Environmental health in emergencies and disasters.
Geneva: World Health
Organization.
