Article Commentary: Hindsight is 20/20 – the Importance of Knowing! Know your Patients’ HBV Status

Spaan M. , Bruce M. , Agarwal K. , Carey I. The role of anti-HBs in hepatitis B reactivation during direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Antivir Ther 2018; doi: 10.3851/IMP3259.

Nagington J. Reactivation of hepatitis B after transplantation operations. Lancet 1977; 1: 558–560.

Wu T. , Kwok R.M. , Tran T.T. Isolated anti-HBc: the relevance of hepatitis B core antibody – a review of new issues. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 1780–1788.

Hunt C.M. , Beste L.A. , Lowy E. Veterans health administration hepatitis B testing and treatment with anti-CD20 antibody administration. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 4732–4740.

Law M.F. , Ho R. , Cheung C.K. Prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies treated with anticancer therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 6484–6500.

Chuang W.L. , Dai C.Y. , Chang W.Y. Viral interaction and responses in chronic hepatitis C and B coinfected patients with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin combination therapy. Antivir Ther 2005; 10: 125–133.

Saitta C. , Pontisso P. , Brunetto M.R. Virological profiles in hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients under interferon plus ribavirin therapy. Antivir Ther 2006; 11: 931–934.

Viganò M. , Aghemo A. , Iavarone M. The course of inactive hepatitis B in hepatitis-C-coinfected patients treated with interferon and ribavirin. Antivir Ther 2009; 14: 789–796.

Potthoff A. , Wedemeyer H. , Boecher W.O. Hep-Net B/C Co-infection Study Group. The HEP-NET B/C co-infection trial: a prospective multicenter study to investigate the efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha2b and ribavirin in patients with HBV/HCV co-infection. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 688–694.

Gordon S.C. , Sherman K.E. Treatment of HBV/HCV coinfection: releasing the enemy within. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 393–396.

Potthoff A. , Berg T. , Wedemeyer H. HEP-NET B/C Coinfection Study Group. Late hepatitis B virus relapse in patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus after antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon-a2b and ribavirin. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 1487–1490.

Sulkowski M.S. , Chuang W.L. , Kao J.H. No evidence of reactivation of hepatitis B virus among patients treated with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir for hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63: 1202–1204.

Bersoff-Matcha S.J. , Cao K. , Jason M. Hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus: a review of cases reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166: 792–798.

Merck & Co. Inc. Interferon a2b. (Accessed 23 January 2018.) Available from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/103132s5191lbl.pdf.

Schering-Plough Corporation. Pegylated interferon a2b. (Accessed 23 January 2018.) Available from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/103949s5172lbl.pdf.

Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. Pegylated interferon a2a Pegasys. (Accessed 23 January 2018.) Available from https://www.gene.com/download/pdf/pegasys_prescribing.pdf.

Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. Interferon a2a. (Accessed 23 January 2018.) Available from https://www.gene.com/download/pdf/rofereon-a_prescribing.pdf.

Kawagishi N. , Suda G. , Onozawa M. Comparing the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation between direct-acting antiviral therapies and interferon-based therapies for hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24: 1098–1106.

Ogawa E. , Furusyo N. , Murata M. , Toyoda K. , Hayashi T. , Ura K. Potential risk of HBV reactivation in patients with resolved HBV infection undergoing direct-acting antiviral treatment for HCV. Liver Int 2018; 38: 76–83.

Sanaka S. , Kasarala G.R. , Tillmann H.L. A downside to hepatitis C virus cure? Vigilance is needed regarding hepatitis B virus reactivation, organ rejection, or hepatocellular carcinoma progression. JID 2018; 217: 857–860.

HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. (Accessed 23 January 2018.) Available from https://www.hcvguidelines.org/.

Wieland S.F. , Asabe S. , Engle R.E. , Purcell R.H. , Chisari F.V. Limited hepatitis B virus replication space in the chronically hepatitis C virus-infected liver. J Virol 2014; 88: 5184–5188.

Sarasin-Filipowicz M. , Oakeley E.J. , Duong F.H. Interferon signaling and treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 7034–7039.

Yao J. , Ren W. , Chen Y. Responses to hepatitis B vaccine in isolated anti-HBc positive adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12: 1847–1851.

Wiegand J. , Meya S. , Schlaphoff V. HBV-specific T-cell responses in healthy seronegative sexual partners of patients with chronic HBV infection. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17: 631–639.

Lau G.K. , Suri D. , Liang R. Resolution of chronic hepatitis B and anti-HBs seroconversion in humans by adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B core antigen. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 614–624.