A Brief Overview of Academic Detailing in Canada: Another Role for Pharmacists

Canadian Institute for Health Information. Drug expenditure in Canada, 1985 to 2010. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2011. Available: http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/products/drug_expenditure_2010_en.pdf (accessed July 14, 2011).

Campeau L . Top RxDrugs of 2010. Pharmacy Practice 2011;February/March:32–6.

Hanlon JT Artz MB Pieper CF . Inappropriate medication use among frail elderly inpatients. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:9–14.

Piecoro LT Browning SR Prince TS . A database analysis of potentially inappropriate drug use in an elderly medicaid population. Pharmacother 2000;20:221–8.

Lau E Dolovich L . Drug-related problems in elderly general practice patients receiving pharmaceutical care. Int J Pharm Pract 2005;13:165–77.

Ernst FR Grizzle AJ . Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc 2001;41:192–9.

Baker GR Norton PG Flintoft V . The Canadian adverse events study: The incidence of adverse events among hospital patients in Canada. CMAJ 2004;170:1678–86.

Canadian Institute for Health Information. Hospital morbidity database 2000/01 Tabular reports. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2002. Available: http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/products/HospitalMorbidityTabularRe-ports2000-2001.pdf (accessed July 14, 2011).

Grimshaw JM Shirran L Thomas R . Changing provider behavior: An overview of systematic reviews of interventions. Med Care 2001;39:I12–I45.

Knowledge Translation Program. Glossary of terms in knowledge translation and continuing education. 2006. KTClearinghouse. Available: http://ktclearinghouse.ca/knowledgebase/knowledgetoaction/action/interventions/strategies/academicdetailing (accessed April 5, 2012).

Coenen S Van Royen P Michiels B Denekens J . Optimizing antibiotic prescribing for acute cough in general practice: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:661–72.

Seager JM Howell-Jones RS Dunstan FD . A randomised controlled trial of clinical outreach education to rationalise antibiotic prescribing for acute dental pain in the primary care setting. Br Dent J 2006;201:217–22.

Solomon DH Van Houten L Glynn RJ . Academic detailing to improve use of broad-spectrum antibiotics at an academic medical center. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1897–902.

Berings D Blondeel L Habraken H . The effect of industry-independent drug information on the prescribing of benzodiazepines in general practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994;46:501–5.

de Burgh S Mant A Mattick RP . A controlled trial of educational visiting to improve benzodiazepine prescribing in general practice. Aust J Public Health 1995;19:142–8.

Schmidt I Claesson CB Westerholm B . The impact of regular multidisciplinary team interventions on psychotropic prescribing in Swedish nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46:77–82.

Newton-Syms FA Dawson PH Cooke J . The influence of an academic representative on prescribing by general practitioners. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;33:69–73.

Pit SW Byles JE Henry DA . A quality use of medicines program for general practitioners and older people: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 2007;187:23–30.

Offman JJ Segal R Russell WL . A randomized trial of an acid-peptic disease management program in a managed care environment. Am J Manag Care 2003;9:425–33.

Stafford RS Bartholomew LK Cushman WC . Impact of the ALLHAT/JNC7 dissemination project on thiazide-type diuretic use. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:851–8.

Feder G Griffiths C Highton C . Do clinical guidelines introduced with practice based education improve care of asthmatic and diabetic patients? A randomised controlled trial in general practices in east London. BMJ 1995;311:1473–8.

Solomon DH Polinski JM Stedman M . Improving care of patients at-risk for osteoporosis: A randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 2007:362–7.

Young JM D'Este C Ward JE . Improving family physicians' use of evidence-based smoking cessation strategies: A cluster randomization trial. Prev Med 2002;35:572–83.

Kim CS Kristopaitis RJ Stone E . Physician education and report cards: Do they make the grade? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 1999;107:556–60.

Walsh JM Salazar R Terdiman JP . Promoting use of colorectal cancer screening tests. Can we change physician behaviour? J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:1097–101.

Sketris I Langille E Lummis H . Optimal prescribing and medication use in Canada: challenges and opportunities. Toronto (ON): Health Council of Canada; 2007. Available: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2007/hcc-ccs/H174-6-2007E.pdf (accessed July 14, 2011).

O'Brien MA Rogers S Jamtvedt G . Educational outreach visits: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD000409.

Freemantle N Nazareth I Eccles M . A randomized controlled trial of the effect of educational outreach by community pharmacists on prescribing in UK general practice. Br J Gen Pract 2002;52:290–5.

Soumerai SB Avorn J . Principles of educational outreach (“academic detailing”) to improve clinical decision making. JAMA 1990;263:549–56.

Bacovsky R Maclure M Nyguyen A . Canadian Academic Detailing Collaboration: Evaluating processes and outcomes of academic detailing. Can Pharm J 2006;139:54–7.

Maclure M Allen M Bacovsky R . Show me the evidence: best practices for using educational visits to promote evidence-based prescribing. Victoria (BC): Drug Policy Futures; 2006. Available: http://web.his.uvic.ca/dpf/index.php?Research_Themes:Academic_detailing (accessed July 14, 2011).

Maclure M Nguyen A . Measuring prescribing improvements in pragmatic trials of educational tools for general practitioners. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;98:243–52.

Cordeiro J Lauscher H Olatunbosun T . Physician-pharmacist electronic linkage for evidence informed prescribing: from project to provincial implementation in British Columbia. Poster Presentation. eHealth Conference 2011, Toronto, Ontario.

RxFiles. About us. Available: www.rxfiles.ca/rxfiles/modules/aboutus/AboutUs.aspx (accessed July 14, 2011).

Academic detailing service. Faculty of Medicine: continuing medical education. Dalhousie University. Available: http://cme.medicine.dal.ca/ADS.htm (accessed July 14, 2011).

Avorn J Soumerai SB . Improving drug-therapy decisions through educational outreach: A randomized controlled trial of academically based “detailing.” N Engl J Med 1983;308:1457–63.

Avorn J Soumerai SB Everitt DE . A randomized trial of a program to reduce the use of psychoactive drugs in nursing homes. N Engl J Med 1992;327:168–73.

Allen M Ferrier S O'Conner N . Family physicians' perception of academic detailing: A quantitative and qualitative study. BMC Medical Education 2007;7:36.

Janssens I De Meyere M Habraken H . Barriers to academic detailers: A qualitative study in general practice. Eur J Gen Pract 2005;11:59–63.

Soumerai SB Avorn J . Principles of educational outreach (“academic detailing”) to improve clinical decision making. JAMA 1990;263:549–56.

Davis DA Thomson MA Oxman AD . Changing physician performance. A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. JAMA 1995;274:700–5.

Freemantle N Eastaugh J . Using effectiveness studies for prescribing research, part I. J Clin Pharm Ther 2002;27:383–9.

Mason J Freemantle N Nazareth I . When is it cost-effective to change the behavior of health professionals? JAMA 2001;286:2988–92.

Fretheim A Aaserud M Oxman AD . Rational prescribing in primary care (RaPP): Economic evaluation of an intervention to improve professional practice. PLoS Med 2006;3(6):e216.

Soumerai SB Avorn J . Economic and policy analysis of university-based drug “detailing.” Medical Care 1986;24:313–31.

Lemelin J Hogg W Baskerville N . Evidence to action: A tailored multifaceted approach to changing family physician practice patterns and improving preventive care. CMAJ 2001;164(6):757–63.

Steele MA Bess DT Franse VL Graber SE . Cost effectiveness of two interventions for reducing outpatient prescribing costs. DICP 1989;23:497–500.

Coopers & Lybrand Consultants. Drug and therapeutics information service: Update of the economic evaluation of the NSAID project. In: May FW Rowett D , editors. DATIS progress report to the Department of Health and Family Services October to March 1995–96. Canberra: Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services; 1996.