Clinical Practice Guidelines and Recommendations on Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy 2011

Bargman J.M. , Bick J. , Cartier P. , Dasgupta M.K. , Fine A. , Lavoie S.D. Guidelines for adequacy and nutrition in peritoneal dialysis. Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10(Suppl 13): S311–21.

Levin A. , Hemmelgarn B. , Culleton B. , Tobe S. , McFarlane P. , Ruzicka M. on behalf of the Canadian Society of Nephrology. Guidelines for the management of chronic kidney disease. CMAJ 2008; 179(11): 1154–62.

National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39(Suppl 1): S1–266.

Zarnke K.B. , Campbell N.R. , McAlister F.A. , Levine M. on behalf of the Canadian Hypertension Recommendations Working Group. A novel process for updating recommendations for managing hypertension: rationale and methods. Can J Cardiol 2000; 16: 1094–102.

Culleton B.F. Introduction: Hemodialysis Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(Suppl 1): 1–3.

Bargman J.M. , Thorpe K.E. , Churchill D.N. on behalf of the CANUSA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2158–62.

Paniagua R. , Amato D. , Vonesh E. , Correa–Rotter R. , Ramos A. , Moran J. on behalf of the Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group. Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1307–20.

Churchill D.N. , Taylor D.W. , Keshaviah P.R. , and the CANUSA Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. Adequacy of dialysis and nutrition in continuous peritoneal dialysis: association with clinical outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 198–207.

Diaz–Buxo J.A. , Lowrie E.G. , Lew N.L. , Zhang S.M. , Zhu X. , Lazarus J.M. Associates of mortality among peritoneal dialysis patients with special reference to peritoneal transport rates and solute clearance. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 523–34.

Rocco M. , Soucie J.M. , Pastan S. , McClellan W.M. Peritoneal dialysis adequacy and risk of death. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 446–57.

Menon M.K. , Naimark D.M. , Bargman J.M. , Vas S.I. , Oreopoulos D.G. Long-term blood pressure control in a cohort of peritoneal dialysis patients and its association with residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2207–13.

Konings C.J. , Kooman J.P. , Schonck M. , Struijk D.G. , Gladziwa U. , Hoorntje S.J. Fluid status in CAPD patients is related to peritoneal transport and residual renal function: evidence from a longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 797–803.

Bammens B. , Evenepoel P. , Verbeke K. , Vanrenterghem Y. Removal of middle molecules and protein-bound solutes by peritoneal dialysis and relation with uremic symptoms. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 2238–43.

Pecoits–Filho R. , Heimbürger O. , Bárány P. , Suliman M. , Fehrman–Ekholm I. , Lindholm B. Associations between circulating inflammatory markers and residual renal function in CRF patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 1212–18.

Wang A.Y. , Sea M.M. , Ip R. , Law M.C. , Chow K.M. , Lui S.F. Independent effects of residual renal function and dialysis adequacy on actual dietary protein, calorie, and other nutrient intake in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2450–7.

van Olden R.W. , Krediet R.T. , Struijk D.G. , Arisz L. Measurement of residual renal function in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 745–50.

Jansen M.A. , Hart A.A. , Korevaar J.C. , Dekker F.W. , Boeschoten E.W. , Krediet R.T. on behalf of the NECOSAD Study Group. Predictors of the rate of decline of residual renal function in incident dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1046–53.

Ortega O. , Gallar P. , Carreño A. , Gutierrez M. , Rodriguez I. , Oliet A. Peritoneal sodium mass removal in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis: influence on blood pressure control. Am J Nephrol 2001; 21: 189–93.

Li P.K. , Chow K.M. , Wong T.Y. , Leung C.B. , Szeto C.C. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on residual renal function in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 105–12.

Suzuki H. , Kanno Y. , Sugahara S. , Okada H. , Nakamoto H. Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, on residual renal function in patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 1056–64.

Medcalf J.F. , Harris K.P. , Walls J. Role of diuretics in the preservation of residual renal function in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1128–33.

Lui S.L. , Cheng S.W. , Ng F. , Ng S.Y. , Wan K.M. , Yip T. Cefazolin plus netilmicin versus cefazolin plus ceftazidime for treating CAPD peritonitis: effect on residual renal function. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 2375–80.

Baker R.J. , Senior H. , Clemenger M. , Brown E.A. Empirical aminoglycosides for peritonitis do not affect residual renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 670–5.

Dittrich E. , Puttinger H. , Schillinger M. , Lang I. , Stefenelli T. , Hörl W.H. Effect of radio contrast media on residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients—a prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 1334–9.

Kim D.J. , Park J.A. , Huh W. , Kim Y.G. , Oh H.Y. The effect of hemodialysis during break-in period on residual renal function in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 784–5.

Jassal S.V. , Lok C.E. , Walele A. , Bargman J.M. Continued transplant immunosuppression may prolong survival after return to peritoneal dialysis: results of a decision analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 178–83.

Bro S. , Bjorner J.B. , Tofte–Jensen P. , Klem S. , Almtoft B. , Danielsen H. A prospective, randomized multicenter study comparing APD and CAPD treatment. Perit Dial Int 1999; 19: 526–33.

Moist L.M. , Port F.K. , Orzol S.M. , Young E.W. , Ostbye T. , Wolfe R.A. Predictors of loss of residual renal function among new dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 556–64.

Rodriguez–Carmona A. , Pérez–Fontán M. , Garca–Naveiro R. , Villaverde P. , Peteiro J. Compared time profiles of ultra-filtration, sodium removal, and renal function in incident CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 132–45.

de Fijter C.W. , Oe L.P. , Nauta J.J. , van der Meulen J. , Verbrugh H.A. , Verhoef J. Clinical efficacy and morbidity associated with continuous cyclic compared with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 264–71.

Szeto C.C. , Chow K.M. , Lam C.W. , Leung C.B. , Kwan B.C. , Chung K.Y. Clinical biocompatibility of a neutral peritoneal dialysis solution with minimal glucose-degradation products—a 1-year randomized control trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 552–9.

Fan S.L. , Pile T. , Punzalan S. , Raftery M.J. , Yaqoob M.M. Randomized controlled study of biocompatible peritoneal dialysis solutions: effect on residual renal function. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 200–6.

Kim S. , Oh J. , Kim S. , Chung W. , Ahn C. , Kim S.G. Benefits of biocompatible PD fluid for preservation of residual renal function in incident CAPD patients: a 1-year study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 2899–908.

Durand P.Y. , Freida P. , Issad B. , Chanliau J. How to reach optimal creatinine clearances in automated peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16(Suppl 1): S167–70.

Perez R.A. , Blake P.G. , McMurray S. , Mupas L. , Oreopoulos D.G. What is the optimal frequency of cycling in automated peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 2000; 20: 548–56.

Demetriou D. , Habicht A. , Schillinger M. , Hörl W.H. , Vychytil A. Adequacy of automated peritoneal dialysis with and without manual daytime exchange: a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1649–55.

Blake P. , Burkart J.M. , Churchill D.N. , Daugirdas J. , Depner T. , Hamburger R.J. Recommended clinical practices for maximizing peritoneal dialysis clearances. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: 448–56.

Rocco M.V. , Jordan J.R. , Burkart J.M. Changes in peritoneal transport during the first month of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1995; 15: 12–17.

Blake P.G. , Floyd J. , Spanner E. , Peters K. How much extra does “adequate” peritoneal dialysis cost? Perit Dial Int 1996; 16(Suppl 1): S171–5.

Blake P.G. , Korbet S.M. , Blake R. , Bargman J.M. , Burkart J.M. , Delano B.G. A multicenter study of noncompliance with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis exchanges in US and Canadian patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 506–14.

Diaz–Buxo J.A. Enhancement of peritoneal dialysis: the PD Plus concept. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 92–8.

Pirpasopoulos M. , Rahman M. , Lindsay R.M. , Kennedy A.C. A cost-effectiveness study of dwell times in peritoneal dialysis. Lancet 1972; 2: 1135–6.

Lo W.K. , Ho Y.W. , Li C.S. , Wong K.S. , Chan T.M. , Yu A.W. Effect of Kt/V on survival and clinical outcome in CAPD patients in a randomized prospective study. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 649–56.

Nevalainen P.I. , Lahtela J.T. , Mustonen J. , Pasternack A. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal insulin therapy in diabetic patients on CAPD. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16(Suppl 1): S288–91.

Yang X. , Fang W. , Bargman J.M. , Oreopoulos D.G. High peritoneal permeability is not associated with higher mortality or technique failure in patients on automated peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28: 82–92.

Chung S.H. , Heimbürger O. , Lindholm B. Poor outcomes for fast transporters on PD: the rise and fall of a clinical concern. Semin Dial 2008; 21: 7–10.

Tzamaloukas A.H. Incremental initiation of peritoneal dialysis: current practice. Adv Perit Dial 1999; 15: 175–8.

Traynor J.P. , Simpson K. , Geddes C.C. , Deighan C.J. , Fox J.G. Early initiation of dialysis fails to prolong survival in patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 2125–32.

Badve S.V. , Hawley C.M. , McDonald S.P. , Mudge D.W. , Rosman J.B. , Brown F.G. Automated and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis have similar outcomes. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 480–8.

Moist L.M. , Port F.K. , Orzol S.M. , Young E.W. , Ostbye T. , Wolfe R.A. Predictors of loss of residual renal function among new dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 556–64.

Hufnagel G. , Michel C. , Queffeulou G. , Skhiri H. , Damieri H. , Mignon F. The influence of automated peritoneal dialysis on the decrease in residual renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 1224–8.

Adachi Y. , Nishio A. , Ikegami T. Tidal automated peritoneal dialysis preserves residual renal function better than non tidal automated peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 2007; 23: 98–101.

Konings C.J. , Kooman J.P. , Schonck M. , Dammers R. , Cheriex E. , Palmans Meulemans A.P. Fluid status, blood pressure, and cardiovascular abnormalities in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 477–87.

Enia G. , Mallamaci F. , Benedetto F.A. , Panuccio V. , Parlongo S. , Cutrupi S. Long-term CAPD patients are volume expanded and display more severe left ventricular hypertrophy than haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 1459–64.

Tzamaloukas A.H. , Saddler M.C. , Murata G.H. , Malhotra D. , Sena P. , Simon D. Symptomatic fluid retention in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 198–206.

Foley R.N. , Parfrey P.S. , Harnett J.D. , Kent G.M. , Murray D.C. , Barre P.E. Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1379–85.

Chen W. , Cheng L.T. , Wang T. Salt and fluid intake in the development of hypertension in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail 2007; 29: 427–32.

Günal A.I. , Duman S. , Ozkahya M. , Töz H. , Asçi G. , Akçiçek F. Strict volume control normalizes hypertension in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: 588–93.

Ates K. , Nerğizoglu G. , Keven K. , Sen A. , Kutlay S. , Ertürk S. Effect of fluid and sodium removal on mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 767–76.

Brown E.A. , Davies SJ , Rutherford P. , Meeus F. , Borras M. , Riegel W. on behalf of the EAPOS Group. Survival of functionally anuric patients on automated peritoneal dialysis: the European APD Outcome Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2948–57.

Sharma A.P. , Blake P.G. Should “fluid removal” be used as an adequacy target in peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 2003; 23: 107–8.

Kooman J.P. , Cnossen N. , Konings C.J. , van der Sande F.M. , Leunissen K.M. Is there a competition between urine volume and peritoneal ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis patients? Contrib Nephrol 2006; 150: 111–18.

Churchill D.N. , Thorpe K.E. , Nolph K.D. , Keshaviah P.R. , Oreopoulos D.G. , Pagé D. Increased peritoneal membrane transport is associated with decreased patient and technique survival for continuous peritoneal dialysis patients. The Canada-U.S.A. (CANUSA) Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 1285–92.

Brimble K.S. , Walker M. , Margetts P.J. , Kundhal K.K. , Rabbat C.G. Meta-analysis: peritoneal membrane transport, mortality, and technique failure in peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2591–8.

Twardowski Z.J. , Nolph K.D. , Khanna R. , Prowant B.F. , Ryan L.P. , Moore H.L. Peritoneal equilibration test. Perit Dial Bull 1987; 7: 138–47.

Ho-dac-Pannekeet M.M. , Atasever B. , Struijk D.G. , Krediet R.T. Analysis of ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis patients by means of standard peritoneal permeability analysis. Perit Dial Int 1997; 17: 144–50.

Johnson D.W. , Mudge D.W. , Blizzard S. , Arndt M. , O'Shea A. , Watt R. A comparison of peritoneal equilibration tests performed 1 and 4 weeks after PD commencement. Perit Dial Int 2004; 24: 460–5.

Campbell N.R. , Kaczorowski J. , Lewanczuk R.Z. , Feldman R. , Poirier L. , Kwong M.M. on behalf of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. 2010 Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) recommendations: the scientific summary—an update of the 2010 theme and the science behind new CHEP recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26: 236–40.

Davies S.J. , Brown E.A. , Frandsen N.E. , Rodrigues A.S. , Rodriguez–Carmona A. , Vychytil A. on behalf of the EAPOS Group. Longitudinal membrane function in functionally anuric patients treated with APD: data from EAPOS on the effects of glucose and icodextrin prescription. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 1609–15.

Mistry C.D. , Gokal R. , Peers E. A randomized multicenter clinical trial comparing isosmolar icodextrin with hyperosmolar glucose solutions in CAPD. MIDAS Study Group. Multicenter Investigation of Icodextrin in Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 496–503.

Finkelstein F. , Healy H. , Abu-Alfa A. , Ahmad S. , Brown F. , Gehr T. Superiority of icodextrin compared with 4.25% dextrose for peritoneal ultrafiltration. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 546–54.

Davies S.J. , Woodrow G. , Donovan K. , Plum J. , Williams P. , Johansson A.C. Icodextrin improves the fluid status of peritoneal dialysis patients: results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2338–44.

Konings C.J. , Kooman J.P. , Schonck M. , Gladziwa U. , Wirtz J. , van den Wall Bake A.W. Effect of icodextrin on volume status, blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters: a randomized study. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1556–63.

Marshall J. , Jennings P. , Scott A. , Fluck R.J. , McIntyre C.W. Glycemic control in diabetic CAPD patients assessed by continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Kidney Int 2003; 64: 1480–6.

Bredie S.J. , Bosch F.H. , Demacker P.N. , Stalenhoef A.F. , van Leusen R. Effects of peritoneal dialysis with an overnight icodextrin dwell on parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism. Perit Dial Int 2001; 21: 275–81.

Wolfson M. , Piraino B. , Hamburger R.J. , Morton A.R. on behalf of the Icodextrin Study Group. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 1055–65.

Rodríguez–Carmona A. , Pérez Fontán M. , García López E. , García Falcón T. , Díaz Cambre H. Use of icodextrin during nocturnal automated peritoneal dialysis allows sustained ultrafiltration while reducing the peritoneal glucose load: a randomized crossover study. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27: 260–6.

Freida P. , Galach M. , Divino Filho J.C. , Werynski A. , Lindholm B. Combination of crystalloid (glucose) and colloid (icodextrin) osmotic agents markedly enhances peritoneal fluid and solute transport during the long PD dwell. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27: 267–76.

Sav T. , Oymak O. , Inanc M.T. , Dogan A. , Tokgoz B. , Utas C. Effects of twice-daily icodextrin administration on blood pressure and left ventricular mass in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29: 443–9.

Hussain S. , Dreyfus D.E. , Marcus R.J. , Biederman R.W. , McGill R.L. Is spironolactone safe for dialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 2364–8.

Azar R. , Hogede L. , Carru V. Aldactone therapy in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1232–3.

Covic A. , Gusbeth–Tatomir P. , Goldsmith D.J. Is it time for spironolactone therapy in dialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 854–8.

Cocchi R. , Degli Esposti E. , Fabbri A. , Lucatello A. , Sturani A. , Quarello F. Prevalence of hypertension in patients on peritoneal dialysis: results of an Italian multicentre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 1536–40.

Koc M. , Toprak A. , Tezcan H. , Bihorac A. , Akoglu E. , Ozener I.C. Uncontrolled hypertension due to volume overload contributes to higher left ventricular mass index in CAPD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 1661–6.

Jager K.J. , Merkus M.P. , Boeschoten E.W. , Dekker F.W. , Stevens P. , Krediet R.T. Dialysis in the Netherlands: the clinical condition of new patients put into a European perspective. NECOSAD Study Group. Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis phase 1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2438–44.

Goldfarb–Rumyantzev A.S. , Baird B.C. , Leypoldt J.K. , Cheung A.K. The association between BP and mortality in patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1693–701.

Udayaraj U.P. , Steenkamp R. , Caskey F.J. , Rogers C. , Nitsch D. , Ansell D. Blood pressure and mortality risk on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 70–8.

Khan N.A. , McAlister F.A. , Lewanczuk R.Z. , Touyz R.M. , Padwal R. , Rabkin S.W. on behalf of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2005 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part II—therapy. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21: 657–72.

Wang X. , Axelsson J. , Lindholm B. , Wang T. Volume status and blood pressure in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Blood Purif 2005; 23: 373–8.

Rodríguez–Carmona A. , Fontán M.P. Sodium removal in patients undergoing CAPD and automated peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2002; 22: 705–13.

Rabindranath K.S. , Adams J. , Ali T.Z. , Daly C. , Vale L. , Macleod A.M. Automated vs continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 2991–8.

Aanen M.C. , Venturoli D. , Davies S.J. A detailed analysis of sodium removal by peritoneal dialysis: comparison with predictions from the three-pore model of membrane function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1192–200.

Boudville N.C. , Cordy P. , Millman K. , Fairbairn L. , Sharma A. , Lindsay R. Blood pressure, volume, and sodium control in an automated peritoneal dialysis population. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27: 537–43.

Davison S.N. , Jhangri G.S. , Jindal K. , Pannu N. Comparison of volume overload with cycler-assisted versus continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1044–50.

Fang W. , Oreopoulos D.G. , Bargman J.M. Use of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and survival in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 3704–10.

Akbari A. , Knoll G. , Ferguson D. , McCormick B. , Davis A. , Biyani M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in peritoneal dialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29: 554–61.

McPherson R. , Frohlich J. , Fodor G. , Genest J. , on behalf of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement—recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22: 913–27. [Erratum in: Can J Cardiol 2006; 22:1077]

Iseki K. , Yamazato M. , Tozawa M. , Takishita S. Hypocholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1887–93.

Liu Y. , Coresh J. , Eustace J.A. , Longenecker J.C. , Jaar B. , Fink N.E. Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients: role of inflammation and malnutrition. JAMA 2004; 291: 451–9.

Habib A.N. , Baird B.C. , Leypoldt J.K. , Cheung A.K. , Goldfarb– Rumyantzev A.S. The association of lipid levels with mortality in patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 2881–92.

Goldfarb–Rumyantzev A.S. , Habib A.N. , Baird B.C. , Barenbaum L.L. , Cheung A.K. The association of lipid-modifying medications with mortality in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 50: 791–802.

Seliger S.L. , Weiss N.S. , Gillen D.L. , Kestenbaum B. , Ball A. , Sherrard D.J. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are associated with reduced mortality in ESRD patients. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 297–304.

Mason N.A. , Bailie G.R. , Satayathum S. , Bragg–Gresham J.L. , Akiba T. , Akizawa T. HMG-coenzyme a reductase inhibitor use is associated with mortality reduction in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45: 119–26.

Strippoli G.F. , Navaneethan S.D. , Johnson D.W. , Perkovic V. , Pellegrini F. , Nicolucci A. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008; 336: 645–51. [Erratum in: BMJ 2009; 339:b2951]

Wanner C. , Krane V. , März W. , Olschewski M. , Mann J.F. , Ruf G. on behalf of the German Diabetes and Dialysis Study Investigators. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 238–48. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1640]

Fellström B.C. , Jardine A.G. , Schmieder R.E. , Holdaas H. , Bannister K. , Beutler J. on behalf of the AURORA Study Group. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1395–407. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1450]

Sharp Collaborative Group. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2010; 160: 785–94.e10.

Kronenberg F. , Lingenhel A. , Neyer U. , Lhotta K. , König P. , Auinger M. Prevalence of dyslipidemic risk factors in hemodialysis and CAPD patients. Kidney Int Suppl 2003; (84): S113–16.

O'Riordan E. , O'Donoghue D.J. , Kalra P.A. , Foley R.N. , Waldek S. Changes in lipid profiles in non diabetic, non nephrotic patients commencing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 2000; 16: 313–16.

Babazono T. , Nakamoto H. , Kasai K. , Kuriyama S. , Sugimoto T. , Nakayama M. on behalf of the Japanese Extraneal Collaborated Study Group. Effects of icodextrin on glycemic and lipid profiles in diabetic patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 409–15.

Brulez H.F. , van Guldener C. , Donker A.J. , ter Wee P.M. The impact of an amino acid-based peritoneal dialysis fluid on plasma total homocysteine levels, lipid profile and body fat mass. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 154–9.

Harris K.P. , Wheeler D.C. , Chong C.C. on behalf of the Atorvastatin in CAPD study investigators. A placebo-controlled trial examining atorvastatin in dyslipidemic patients undergoing CAPD. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1469–74.

Akçiçek F. , Ok E. , Duman S. , Kürsad S. , Unsal A. , Alev M. Lipid-lowering effects of simvastatin and gemfibrozil in CAPD patients: a prospective cross-over study. Adv Perit Dial 1996; 12: 261–5.

Criqui M.H. , Heiss G. , Cohn R. , Cowan L.D. , Suchindran C.M. , Bangdiwala S. Plasma triglyceride level and mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1220–5.

Patel A. , Barzi F. , Jamrozik K. , Lam T.H. , Ueshima H. , Whitlock G. on behalf of the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Serum triglycerides as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Circulation 2004; 110: 2678–86.

Hokanson J.E. , Austin M.A. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc risk 1996; 3: 213–19.

Sarwar N. , Danesh J. , Eiriksdottir G. , Sigurdsson G. , Wareham N. , Bingham S. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation 2007; 115: 450–8.

Ballantyne C.M. , Olsson A.G. , Cook T.J. , Mercuri M.F. , Pedersen T.R. , Kjekshus J. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation 2001; 104: 3046–51.

Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 2000; 102: 21–7.

Keech A. , Simes R.J. , Barter P. , Best J. , Scott R. , Taskinen M.R. on behalf of the FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1849–61. [Errata in: Lancet 2006; 368:1415; and Lancet 2006; 368:1420]

Rubins H.B. , Robins S.J. , Collins D. , Fye C.L. , Anderson J.W. , Elam M.B. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 410–18.

Studer M. , Briel M. , Leimenstoll B. , Glass T.R. , Bucher H.C. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 725–30.

Birjmohun R.S. , Hutten B.A. , Kastelein J.J. , Stroes E.S. Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 185–97.

Tonelli M. , Collins D. , Robins S. , Bloomfield H. , Curhan G.C. on behalf of the Veterans’ Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) investigators. Gemfibrozil for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 1123–30.

Schech S. , Graham D. , Staffa J. , Andrade S.E. , La Grenade L. , Burgess M. Risk factors for statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16: 352–8.

Chang J.T. , Staffa J.A. , Parks M. , Green L. Rhabdomyolysis with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and gemfibrozil combination therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13: 417–26.

Burke S.K. , Dillon M.A. , Hemken D.E. , Rezabek M.S. , Balwit J.M. Meta-analysis of the effect of sevelamer on phosphorus, calcium, PTH, and serum lipids in dialysis patients. Adv Ren replace Ther 2003; 10: 133–45.

Tonelli M. , Wiebe N. , Culleton B. , Lee H. , Klarenbach S. , Shrive F. on behalf of the Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Systematic review of the clinical efficacy and safety of sevelamer in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 2856–66.

Bard J.M. , Dallongeville J. , Hagen E. , Pfister P. , Ose L. , Fruchart J.C. Comparison of the effect of fluvastatin, an hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, and cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant, on lipoprotein particles defined by apolipoprotein composition. Metabolism 1995; 44: 1447–54.

Hagen E. , Istad H. , Ose L. , Bodd E. , Eriksen H.M. , Selvig V. Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46: 445–9.

Pravastatin Multicenter Study Group II. Comparative efficacy and safety of pravastatin and cholestyramine alone and combined in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1321–9.

Gibbons R.J. , Abrams J. , Chatterjee K. , Daley J. , Deedwania P.C. , Douglas J.S. on behalf of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Committee on the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina—summary article. Circulation 2003; 107: 149–58.

Gibbons R.J. , Abrams J. , Chatterjee K. , Daley J. , Deedwania P.C. , Douglas J.S. on behalf of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Committee on the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina—summary article. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 159–68.

Braunwald E. , Antman E.M. , Beasley J.W. , Califf R.M. , Cheitlin M.D. , Hochman J.S. on behalf of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Committee on the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina. ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—2002: summary article. Circulation 2002; 106: 1893–900.

Braunwald E. , Antman E.M. , Beasley J.W. , Califf R.M. , Cheitlin M.D. , Hochman J.S. on behalf of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association, Committee on the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—summary article. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1366–74.

Antman E.M. , Hand M. , Armstrong P.W. , Bates E.R. , Green L.A. , Halasyamani L.K. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/ AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, writing on behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee. Circulation 2008; 117: 296–329. [Erratum in: Circulation 2008; 117:e162]

Hunt S.A. , Abraham W.T. , Chin M.H. , Feldman A.M. , Francis G.S. , Ganiats T.G. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2005; 112: e154–235.

Hunt S.A. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: e1–82. [Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47:1503–1505]

Hemmelgarn B.R. , Southern D. , Culleton B.F. , Mitchell L.B. , Knudtson M.L. , Ghali W.A. on behalf of the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcomes Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) investigators. Survival after coronary revascularization among patients with kidney disease. Circulation 2004; 110: 1890–5.

Cice G. , Ferrara L. , D'Andrea A. , D'Isa S. , Di Benedetto A. , Cittadini A. Carvedilol increases two-year survivalin dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1438–44.

Takahashi A. , Takase H. , Toriyama T. , Sugiura T. , Kurita Y. , Ueda R. Candesartan, an angiotensin II type-1 receptor blocker, reduces cardiovascular events in patients on chronic haemodialysis—a randomized study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 2507–12.

Zannad F. , Kessler M. , Lehert P. , Grünfeld J.P. , Thuilliez C. , Leizorovicz A. Prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease: results of a randomized trial of fosinopril and implications for future studies. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1318–24.

Winkelmayer W.C. , Charytan D.M. , Levin R. , Avorn J. Poor short-term survival and low use of cardiovascular medications in elderly dialysis patients after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47: 301–8.

Berger A.K. , Duval S. , Krumholz H.M. Aspirin, beta-blocker, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease and an acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 201–8.

Charytan D.M. , Setoguchi S. , Solomon D.H. , Avorn J. , Winkelmayer W.C. Clinical presentation of myocardial infarction contributes to lower use of coronary angiography in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 938–45.

Charytan D. , Mauri L. , Agarwal A. , Servoss S. , Scirica B. , Kuntz R.E. The use of invasive cardiac procedures after acute myocardial infarction in long-term dialysis patients. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 558–64.

Phakdeekitcharoen B. , Leelasa-nguan P. Effects of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker on potassium in CAPD patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 738–46.

Gross E. , Rothstein M. , Dombek S. , Juknis H.I. Effect of spironolactone on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in oligo-anuric hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 94–101.

Lim W. , Cook D.J. , Crowther M.A. Safety and efficacy of low molecular weight heparins for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 3192–206.

Stratton R.J. , Bircher G. , Fouque D. , Stenvinkel P. , de Mutsert R. , Engfer M. Multinutrient oral supplements and tube feeding in maintenance dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 387–405.

Eustace J.A. , Coresh J. , Kutchey C. , Te P.L. , Gimenez L.F. , Scheel P.J. Randomized double-blind trial of oral essential amino acids for dialysis-associated hypoalbuminemia. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 2527–38.

Teixidó–Planas J. , Ortiz A. , Coronel F. , Montenegro J. , López–Menchero R. , Ortíz R. Oral protein-energy supplements in peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter study. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 163–72.

González–Espinoza L. , Gutiérrez–Chávez J. , del Campo F.M. , Martínez–Ramírez H.R. , Cortés–Sanabria L. , Rojas–Campos E. Randomized, open label, controlled clinical trial of oral administration of an egg albumin-based protein supplement to patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 173–80.

Jones M. , Hagen T. , Boyle C.A. , Vonesh E. , Hamburger R. , Charytan C. Treatment of malnutrition with 1.1% amino acid peritoneal dialysis solution: results of a multicenter outpatient study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 761–9.

Li F.K. , Chan L.Y. , Woo J.C. , Ho S.K. , Lo W.K. , Lai K.N. A 3-year, prospective, randomized, controlled study on amino acid dialysate in patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 173–83.

Tjiong H.L. , van den Berg J.W. , Wattimena J.L. , Rietveld T. , van Dijk L.J. , van der Wiel A.M. Dialysate as food: combined amino acid and glucose dialysate improves protein anabolism in renal failure patients on automated peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 1486–93.

Ikizler T.A. , Wingard R.L. , Breyer J.A. , Schulman G. , Parker R.A. , Hakim R.M. Short-term effects of recombinant human growth hormone in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1178–83.

Iglesias P. , Díez J.J. , Fernández–Reyes M.J. , Aguilera A. , Burgués S. , Martínez–Ara J. Recombinant human growth hormone therapy in malnourished dialysis patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 454–63.

Fouque D. , Peng S.C. , Shamir E. , Kopple J.D. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 induces an anabolic response in malnourished CAPD patients. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 646–54.

Johansen K.L. , Mulligan K. , Schambelan M. Anabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in patients receiving dialysis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 281: 1275–81.

Johansen K.L. , Painter P.L. , Sakkas G.K. , Gordon P. , Doyle J. , Shubert T. Effects of resistance exercise training and nandrolone decanoate on body composition and muscle function among patients who receive hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2307–14.

Rammohan M. , Kalantar–Zadeh K. , Liang A. , Ghossein C. Megestrol acetate in a moderate dose for the treatment of malnutrition-inflammation complex in maintenance dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2005; 15: 345–55.

Wynne K. , Giannitsopoulou K. , Small C.J. , Patterson M. , Frost G. , Ghatei M.A. Subcutaneous ghrelin enhances acute food intake in malnourished patients who receive maintenance peritoneal dialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 2111–18.

Stein A. , Moorhouse J. , Iles–Smith H. , Baker F. , Johnstone J. , James G. Role of an improvement in acid–base status and nutrition in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 1089–95.

Szeto C.C. , Wong T.Y. , Chow K.M. , Leung C.B. , Li P.K. Oral sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of metabolic acidosis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized placebo-control trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2119–26.

Ross E.A. , Koo L.C. Improved nutrition after the detection and treatment of occult gastroparesis in nondiabetic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 62–6.

Silang R. , Regalado M. , Cheng T.H. , Wesson D.E. Prokinetic agents increase plasma albumin in hypoalbuminemic chronic dialysis patients with delayed gastric emptying. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: 287–93.

McMurray S.D. , Johnson G. , Davis S. , McDougall K. Diabetes education and care management significantly improve patient outcomes in the dialysis unit. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 566–75.

Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA) Canadian Diabetes Association 2003 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Toronto, ON: CDA; 2003.

Williams M.E. , Lacson E. Jr. , Teng M. , Ofsthun N. , Lazarus J.M. Hemodialyzed type I and type II diabetic patients in the U.S.: characteristics, glycemic control, and survival. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1503–9.

Khan I.H. , Catto G.R. , MacLeod A.M. Severe lactic acidosis in patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. BMJ 1993; 307: 1056–7.

Brier M.E. , Bays H. , Sloan R. , Stalker D.J. , Welshman I. , Aronoff G.R. Pharmacokinetics of oral glyburide in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 907–11.

Abe M. , Kikuchi F. , Kaizu K. , Matsumoto K. Combination therapy of pioglitazone with voglibose improves glycemic control safely and rapidly in Japanese type 2-diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 2007; 68: 287–94.

Wong T.Y. , Szeto C.C. , Chow K.M. , Leung C.B. , Lam C.W. , Li P.K. Rosiglitazone reduces insulin requirement and C-reactive protein levels in type 2 diabetic patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46: 713–19.

Snyder R.W. , Berns J.S. Use of insulin and oral hypo -glycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial 2004; 17: 365–70.

Selgas R. , Diez J.J. , Muñoz J. , Miranda B. , de Alvaro F. , Rodriguez J.C. Comparative study of two different routes for insulin administration in CAPD diabetic patients. A multicenter study. Adv Perit Dial 1989; 5: 181–4.

Huang C.C. Treatment targets for diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis: any evidence? Perit Dial Int 2007; 27(Suppl 2): S176–9.

Bender F.H. , Bernardini J. , Piraino B. Prevention of infectious complications in peritoneal dialysis: best demonstrated practices. Kidney Int Suppl 2006; (103): S44–54.

Torun D. , Oguzkurt L. , Sezer S. , Zumrutdal A. , Singan M. , Adam F.U. Hepatic subcapsular steatosis as a complication associated with intraperitoneal insulin treatment in diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2005; 25: 596–600.

Tzamaloukas A.H. , Oreopoulos D.G. Subcutaneous versus intraperitoneal insulin in the management of diabetics on CAPD: a review. Adv Perit Dial 1991; 7: 81–5.

Riley S.G. , Chess J. , Donovan K.L. , Williams J.D. Spurious hyperglycaemia and icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis fluid. BMJ 2003; 327: 608–9.

Oyibo S.O. , Pritchard G.M. , McLay L. , James E. , Laing I. , Gokal R. Blood glucose overestimation in diabetic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 693–6.

Davies S.J. , Phillips L. , Naish P.F. , Russell G.I. Peritoneal glucose exposure and changes in membrane solute transport with time on peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 1046–51.

Davies S.J. , Phillips L. , Griffiths A.M. , Russell L.H. , Naish P.F. , Russell G.I. What really happens to people on long-term peritoneal dialysis? Kidney Int 1998; 54: 2207–17.

Paniagua R. , Ventura M.D. , Avila-Díaz M. , Cisneros A. , Vicenté-Martínez M. , Furlong M.D. Icodextrin improves metabolic and fluid management in high and high-average transport diabetic patients. Perit Dial Int 2009; 29: 422–32.

Holmes C. , Mujais S. Glucose sparing in peritoneal dialysis: implications and metrics. Kidney Int Suppl 2006; (103): S104–9.