Various parameters influencing Kirlian photography were discussed as well as the basis for the necessity of international standards in order to reproduce reported data by others and compare the results among different investigators. Twenty-four guidelines for Kirlian photography research originally proposed by the author and accepted as international standards for research guidelines were presented. Various known methods of Kirlian photography were compared along with a simple portable Kirlian photography instrument, developed by the author, which doesn't require darkroom, a.c. power source or batteries. This simple method was successfully used even in such places as on the street, on mountains, inside moving cars, buses and aeroplanes. A simple technique for predicting the approximate intensity of the corona discharge pattern to be seen in Kirlian photography was developed by the author, with the use of a piezo-electric high voltage generator. In the same individual, decrease in electrical impedance or d.c. resistance of skin almost always showed increase in the corona discharge pattern, and the reverse was also true. Regardless of the magnitude of skin electrical conductivity, about 1/5 of about 120 adult human subjects examined (half of them with various minor medical problems) showed marked decreased sensation to the piezo-electric high voltage stimulation of skin. In these subjects, Kirlian Photography showed a minimum corona discharge pattern and abnormal peripheral circulatory disturbances or neuro-muscular problems were found in high incidence in aged patients. However, such decreased sensitivity was also sometimes observed in apparently healthy young adults. Effects of acupuncture on the circulatory system, electrical conductivity and temperature of skin, and interrelationship between effects of acupuncture on Kirlian photography and infra-red thermography were presented.
KirlianS.D. and V. Kh. Kirlian, Photography by means of high-frequency currents. Galaxies of Life: The Human Aura in Acupuncture and Kirlian Photography, (edited by S. Krippner and D. Rubin), Gordon & Breach, New York, pp. 13–28,1973.
2.
AdamenkoV.G., Phenomena of skin electricity, ibid., pp. 123–128.
3.
TillerW.A., Some energy field observations of man and nature, ibid., pp. 71–112.
4.
Moss and JojnsonK., Bioplasma or corona discharge? ibid., pp. 29–52.
5.
DeanE.D., High-voltage radiation photography of a healer's finger, ibid., pp. 57–60.
6.
KrippnerS. and RubinD., (Eds.) The Kirlian Aura: Photographing the Galaxies of Life, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1974. (This paperback edition has almost the same content as Galaxies of Life).
7.
TillerW.A., Kirlian photography as an electro-therapeutics research tool. Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeut. Res. Int. J.,2, 1976.
8.
Omura and LeeK., Applications of ultra-miniature photoelectric Plethysmographic sensor? with a very short response time to the non-traumatic study of the circulatory system, presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs on April 20, 1971, at Palmer House, Chicago, and published in Trans. Am. Soc. Artif Internal Organs, 17,392–404,1971.
9.
Omura, The effects of acupuncture on the cardio-vascular system: studies on essential hypertension and blood chemistry, in Abstracts of the Third World Cong, of Acupuncture, Seoul, South Korea, pp. 208–209, September 25–27, 1973.
10.
Omura, The effects of acupuncture on the nervous system; studies on threshold stimulation and conduction velocities of motor and sensory nerve fibers, in Abstracts of the Third World Cong. Acupuncture, Seoul, South Korea, pp. 209–210, September 25–27,1973.
11.
PengA.T.C., OmuraY., ChengH.C. and BlancatoL.S., Acupuncture for relief of chronic pain and surgical analgesia, Am. Surgeon,40, 50–53,1974.
12.
Omura, Patho-physiology of acupuncture treatment: effects of acupuncture on cardiovascular and and nervous systems, Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeut. Res. Int. J.,1,51–141,1976.
13.
Omura, Editorial: Some historical aspects of acupuncture and important problems to be considered in acupuncture and electro-therapeutic research, Acupuncture & Electro-TherapeuturRes. Int. J., 1,3–44,1975.
14.
Omura, Electro-Acupuncture: Its electro-physiological basis and criteria for effectiveness and and safety-I, Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeut. Res. Int. J.,1,157–181, 1975.
15.
Omura, Electro-acupuncture for drug addiction withdrawal syndrome, particularly Methadone (individualized acupuncture treatment for the withdrawal syndromes of drug addictions and compulsive habits of drinking alcohol and smoking. Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeut. Res. Int.J.,1,231–233,1975.
16.
Omura, The relationship between the transmembrane action potential and the voltage-time-dependent, negative resistant characteristics of the voltage current curves of excitable pacemaker and non-pacemaker cell membrane, presented at the New York Academy of Sciences, as guest speaker of Biophysics Division, onMay23, 1968, and published in the Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Series 1133, 467–504, & Appendix i-xiv, 1971.
17.
Omura and LehrD., The negative resistance characteristics of biological and non-biological fluids, presented at the Third Int. Biophysics Cong., held at M.I.T., Boston, August 29-September 3,1969. (Page 98 of the Proceedings.)
18.
Omura, K. Lee and JeronimoM., Stimulation of excitable cell membranes by capacitive current and rapidly-changing electro-magnetic field without direct contacy between electrodes and the cells. Fed. Proc,31, No. 2, presented at the annual scientific meeting of the FASEB at Atlantic City on April 14,1972.
19.
Omura, Signifícance of measured wave forms of voltage-time-dependent negative resistance characteristics (V-T NRCs) of voltage-current curves (V-I C) of excitable cell membranes (ECMs) of Pacemaker (PM) and non-pacemaker (NPM) cells, presented at the IV Int. Biophysics Cong., Moscow, August,1972, published in Abstracts of Contributed Papers, Int. Union Pure & Appl. Biophys., 3, 321–322, 1972.
20.
Omura, Cardio-vascular Responses to Acupuncture, abstract of a one-hour talk given as a guest speaker of the Symposium, in Proc. First World Symp. Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, held at San Francisco in Sept.1973; also in the Am. J. Chinese Med., 2,112–113,1974.
21.
Omura, Acupuncture Medicine, Vols. I, II & III: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications and Limitations of Manual and Electrical Acupuncture, Japan Publications, Tokyo, Japan and San Francisco, New York, U.S.A. (in press).
22.
Omura, Clinical applications and limitations of acupuncture (with special emphasis on the management of pain) and its patho-physiological basis, as a chapter in the new edition of the book. Management of Pain, (edited by John J. Bonica), Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (in press).
23.
Omura, The effects of acupuncture on circulatory system (especially on high blood pressure and triglyceride lowering effects) and a concept of “vaso-neuro-muscular functional unit system,“ in the Abstracts of the Sixty Int. Cong, of Pharmacology, Helsinki, Finland. July 20–25,1975.
24.
PresmanA.S., Electromagnetic Fields and Life, (translation editor: Frank BrownA., Jr., translated from Russian by F.L. Sinclair), Plenum Press, New York & London,1970.
25.
WagenederF.M. and St. Schuy, (eds,), Electrotherapeutic Sleep and Electro-anesthesia, II, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1970,
26.
Belkov and HayesH.R., (translators), Materials of the Second All-Union Conference on the Study of the Effects of Magnetic Fields on Biological Organisms, 24–26 September, 1969, National Research Council of Canada, Technical Translation 1545, Ottawa, 1972 (Nauchnyi Sovet Po Kompeksnoi Probleme, "Kibemetikia", Ministerstvo, Zdravookhraneniya SSSR, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Moscow, 1969, 281pp.)
27.
Day (in collaboration with G. De La Warr), Matter in the Making, Vincent Stuart, London, 1966.
28.
EidenH.R., (Ed.) Biophysical Properties of the Skin (Vol. I in the series, “A Treatise of Skin,“ Series Editor: EidenH.R.), John Wiley, New York, 1971.
29.
Llewellyn-Jones, Ionization and Breakdown in Gases, Methuen, London & John Wiley, New York, 1966 ed.
30.
PohlH.A., Quantum Mechanics for Science and Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1967.
31.
GuntherW.A., The Physics of Modern Electronics (translated from German by D. Antin), Dover, New York,1967.
32.
HochstrasserR.M., Behavior of Electrons in Atoms, BenjaminW.A., New York, Amsterdam, 1964.
33.
SamsonovG.V., ed., Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements, IFI/Plenum Press, New York, Washington, 1968.
34.
ShohetJ.L., The Plasma State, Academic Press, New York & London, 1971.
35.
HrenJ.J. & RanganathanS., eds., Field-Ion Microscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 196S.
36.
MillerN.E. & BarberT.X.. (Eds.), Biofeedback &Self-Control 1973 (An Aldine Annual on the Regulation of Bodily Processes and Consciousness), Aldine, Chicago, 1974.
