The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group.Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) . N Engl J Med1987; 316: 1429-35.
2.
The SOLVD Investigators.Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med1991; 325: 293-302.
3.
Garg R., Yusuf S.Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA1995; 273: 1450-6.
4.
Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E., Moye LA, Basta L., Brown EJ, CuddyTE et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med1992; 327: 669-77.
5.
The AIRE Study Investigators.Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet1993; 342: 821-8.
6.
Kober L.,Torp-Pedersen C., Carlsen JE et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1995; 333:1670-6.
7.
Packer M., Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. Circulation1999; 100: 2312-8.
8.
Pitt B., Zannad F., Remme WJ et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med1999; 341: 709-17.
9.
Gottlieb SS, Dickstein K., Fleck E. et al. Hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of the angiotensin-II antagonist losartan in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation1993: 88: 1602-9.
10.
Crozier I., Ikram H.,Awan N. et al. Losartan in heart failure. Haemodynamic effects and tolerability. Losartan Hemodynamic Study Group. Circulation1995; 91: 691-7.
11.
Mazayev VP, Fomina IG, Kazakov EN et al. Valsartan in heart failure patients previously untreated with an ACE inhibitor. Int J Cardiol1998; 65: 239-46.
12.
Parker AB, Azevedo ER, Baird MG et al. ARCTIC: assessment of haemodynamic response in patients with congestive heart failure to telmisartan: a multicentre dose-ranging study in Canada. Am Heart J1999;138:843-8.
13.
Riegger GAJ , Bouzo H., Petr P. et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance and symptoms of congestive heart failure during treatment with candesartan cilexetil . Circulation1999 ; 100: 2224-30.
14.
Havranek EP ,Thomas I., Smith WB et al. Dose-related beneficial long-term hemodynamic and clinical efficacy of irbesartan in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol1999; 33(5): 1174-81.
15.
Sharma D., Buyse M., Pitt B., Rucinska EJthe Losartan Heart FailureMortality Meta-analysis StudyGroup. Meta-analysis of observed mortality data from all-controlled, double-blind, multiple-dose studies of losartan in heart failure. Am J Cardiol2000 ; 85: 187-92.
16.
Pitt B., Poole-Wilson P., Segal R. et al. Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of patients in the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study - ELITE II. J Card Fail1999: 5:146-54.
17.
Pitt B., Poole-Wilson P., Segal R. et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial - the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet2000;355: 1582-7.
18.
Granger B., Ertl G., Kuch J. et al. Randomized trial of candesartan cilexetil in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure and a history of intolerance to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am Heart J 2000;139: 609-17.
19.
Pitt B., Chang P.,Timmermans PBM.Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists in heart failure - Rationale and design of the evaluation of losartan in the elderly (ELITE) trial. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy1995; 9(5): 693-700.
20.
Pitt B., Segal R., Martinez FA et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE) . Lancet1997; 349: 747-52.
21.
Wolny A., Clozel JP, Rein J. et al. Functional and biochemical analysis of angiotensin II forming pathways in the human heart. Circulation Research1997 ; 80: 219-27.
22.
Voors AA, Pinto YM, Buikema H. et al. Dual pathway for angiotensin II formation in human internal mammary arteries. British Journal of Pharmacology1998; 125: 1028-32.
23.
Padmanabhan N., Jardine AG, McGrath JC, Connell JMC.Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-independent contraction to angiotensin I in human resistance arteries. Circulation1999; 99:2914-2920.
24.
Tsuyuki RT,Yusuf S., Rouleau JL et al. Combination neurohormonal blockade with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists and beta-blockers in patients with congestive heart failure: Design of the Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Canadian Journal of Cardiology1997; 13: 1166-1174.
25.
McKelvie RS ,Yusuf S., Pericak D. et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation1999 ; 100: 1056-64.
26.
Jones B., Jarvis P., Lewis JA, Ebbutt AFTrials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods. Br Med J1996; 313:36-9.
27.
Siegel JPEquivalence and non-inferiority trials. Am Heart J2000; 139:166-70.
28.
Gainer JV, Morrow JD, Loveland A., King DJ, Brown NJEffect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J Med1998; 339: 1285-92.
29.
Davie AP, Dargie HJ, McMurray JJRole of bradykinin in the vasodilator effects of losartan and enalapril in patients with heart failure. Circulation1999 ; 100: 268-73.
30.
Baruch L.,Anand I., Cohen IS, Ziesche S., Judd D., Cohn JNAugmented short- and long-term hemodynamic and hormonal effects of an angiotensin receptor blocker added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure. Circulation1999; 99: 2658-64.
31.
Tonkon M.,Awan N., Niazi et al. A study of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, in heart failure. Irbesartan Heart Failure Group . Int J Clin Pract2000; 54:11-4,16-8.
32.
Jorde UP, Ennezat PV, Lisker J. et al. Maximally recommended doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do not completely prevent ACE-mediated formation of angiotensin II in chronic heart failure. Circulation2000 ; 101: 844-6.
33.
Hamroff G., Katz SD, Mancini D. et al. Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation1999; 99: 990-2.
34.
Senni M.,Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ et al. Congestive heart failure in the community - A study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation1998; 98: 2282-9.
35.
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Evans JC, Reiss CK, Levy D.Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction - Prevalence and mortality in a population-based cohort .J Am Coll Cardiol1999; 33: 1948-55.
36.
Cohn JN,Archibald DG, Ziesche S. et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med1986; 314:1547-52.
37.
Cohn JN, Johnson G., Ziesche S. et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med1991; 325: 303-10.
38.
Benedict CR ,Weiner DH, Johnstone DE et al. Comparative neurohormonal responses in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction - Results of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) Registry . J Am Coll Cardiol1993;212:A146-A153.
39.
Mindlen F., Nordaby R., Ruiz M. et al. The HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) Study: The design of a large, simple randomized trial of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril) and vitamin E in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events .Canadian Journal of Cardiology1996; 12: 127-37.
40.
Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J. et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med2000; 342:145-53.
41.
Cohn JN, Tognoni G., Glazer RD, Spormann D., Hester A.Rationale and design of the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial: a large multinational trial to assess the effects of valsartan, an angiotensin-receptor blocker, on morbidity and mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. J Card Fail1999 Jun: 5: 155-60.
42.
Pfeffer M., Swedberg K., Granger C. et al. Candesartan in heart failure - assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM): rationale and design. Charm-Programme Investigators .J Cardiac Failure1999; 5: 276-82.
43.
Dickstein K. , Kjekshus J.Comparison of the effects of losartan and captopril on mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction: The OPTIMAAL trial design. Am J Card1999; 83: 477-81.
44.
Pfeffer MA, McMurray J., Leizorovicz A. et al. Valsartan in acute myocardial infarction trial - VALIANT: rationale and design. Am Heart J2000 (in press).