Characterization of normal and malignant breast tissues using X-ray scattering techniques has shown promising results and applications.
OBJECTIVE:
To examine possibility of characterizing normal and malignant breast tissues using the scattered photon distribution of polyenergetic beams of 30 kV X-rays.
METHODS:
A Monte Carlo simulation is upgraded so that it is capable of simulating input mammographic X-ray spectra from different target-filter combinations, tracing photon transport, and producing the distribution of scattered photons. The target-filter combinations include Mo-Mo, Mo-Al, Mo-Rh, Rh-Rh, Rh-Al, W-Rh, and W-Al. Analysis of obtained scattered photon distribution is carried out by comparing the ratio of count under the peak in the momentum transfer region from 0 to 1.55 nm–1, to that in the region from 1.6 to 9.1 nm–1 (covering the regions of scattering from fat and soft tissue, respectively) for breast samples with different percentages of normal tissue (0–100%).
RESULTS:
Mo-Mo target-filter combination shows a high linear dependence of the count under peak ratio on the percentage of normal tissue in breast samples (R2 = 0.9513). Despite slightly less linear than Mo-Mo, target-filter combinations other than Rh-Rh, W-Rh, and W-Al produce high linear responses (R2 > 0.9)
CONCLUSION:
Mo-Mo target-filter combination would probably be the most relevant in characterizing normal and malignant breast tissues from their scattered photon distribution.
KatzenJ., DodelzonK., A review of computer aided detection in mammography, Clinical Imaging52 (2018)305–309.
2.
HollingsworthA.B., Redefining the sensitivity of screening mammography: A review, American Journal of Surgery218 (2019)411–418.
3.
KosanetzkyJ., KnoerrB., HardingG., NeitzelU., X-ray diffraction measurements of some plastic materials and body tissues, Medical Physics14 (1987)526–532.
4.
FarquharsonM.J., SpellerR.D., BrickleyM., Measuring bone mineral density in archaeological bone using energy dispersive low angle X-ray scattering techniques, Journal of Archaeological Science24 (1997)765–772.
5.
ElshemeyW.M., ElsayedA.A., El-LakkaniA., Physical characteristics of X-ray scattering in fat and blood, Radiation Measurements30 (1999)715–723.
6.
DesoukyO.S., ElshemeyW.M., SelimN.S., AshourA.H., Analysis of low-angle X-ray scattering peaks from lyophilized biological samples, Physics in Medicine and Biology46 (2001)2099–2106.
7.
FarhoodB., Mohammadi ASLK., SarvizadehM. and AliasgharzadehA, Dosimetric evaluation of PASSAG-U polymer gel dosimeter: Dependence of dose rate and photon energy, Journal of X-ray Science and Technology28 (2020), 641–658.
8.
EvansS.H., BradleyD.A., DanceD.R, et al., Measurement of small-angle photon scattering for some breast tissues and tissue substitute materials, Physics in Medicine and Biology36 (1991)7–18.
9.
KidaneG., SpellerR.D., RoyleG.J., HanbyA.M., X-ray scatter signatures for normal and neoplastic breast tissues, Physics in Medicine and Biology44 (1999)1791–1802.
10.
TaibiA., RoyleG.J., SpellerR.D., A Monte Carlo simulation study to investigate the potential of diffraction enhanced breast imaging, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science47 (2000)1581–1586.
11.
PeplowD.E., VergheseK., Measured molecular coherent scattering form factors of animal tissues, plastics and human breast tissue, Physics in Medicine and Biology43 (1998)2431–2452.
12.
PolettiM.E., GonçalvesD. and MazzaroI, X-ray scattering from human breast tissues and breast-equivalent materials, Physics in Medicine and Biology47 (2002)47–63.
13.
ButlerS.M., WebbG.I., LewisR.A., A Case Study in Feature Invention for Breast Cancer Diagnosis Using X-Ray Scatter Images, in: T.D. Gedeon and L.C.C. Fung (Eds.) AI 2003: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2003, pp. 677–685.
14.
GriffithsJ.A., RoyleG.J., SpellerR.D, et al.., Diffraction enhanced breast imaging: Assessment of realistic system requirements to improve the diagnostic capabilities of mammography, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515), 2003, pp. 3230–3234.
.
15.
CastroC.R.F., BarrosoR.C., de OliveiraL.F. and LopesR.T, Coherent scattering X-ray imaging at the Brazilian National Synchrotron Laboratory: Preliminary breast images, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment548 (2005), 116–122.
16.
LiuC., YanX., ZhangX, et al., Evaluation of X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging in the diagnosis of breast cancer, Physics in Medicine and Biology52 (2007)419–427.
17.
BohndiekS.E., CookE.J., ArvanitisC.D, et al., A CMOS active pixel sensor system for laboratory- based x-ray diffraction studies of biological tissue, Physics in Medicine and Biology53 (2008)655672.
18.
CunhaD.M., OliveiraO.R., PérezC.A., PolettiM.E., X-ray scattering profiles of some normal and malignant human breasttissues, X-Ray Spectrometry35 (2006)370–374.
19.
RyanE.A., FarquharsonM.J., Breast tissue classification using x-ray scattering measurements and multivariate data analysis, Physics in Medicine and Biology52 (2007)6679–6696.
20.
BravinA., KeyriläinenJ., FernándezM, et al., High-resolution CT by diffraction-enhanced X-ray imaging: Mapping of breast tissue samples and comparison with their histo-pathology, Physics in Medicine and Biology52 (2007), 2197–2211.
21.
OliveiraO.R., Conceição A.L.C., CunhaD.M, et al., Identification of neoplasias of breast tissues using a powder diffractometer, Journal of Radiation Research49 (2008)527–532.
22.
ElshemeyW.M., ElsharkawyW.B., Monte Carlo simulation of X-ray scattering for quantitative characterization of breast cancer, Physics in Medicine and Biology54 (2009)3773–3784.
23.
BohndiekS.E., RoyleG.J., SpellerR.D., An active pixel sensor x-ray diffraction (APXRD) system for breast cancer diagnosis, Phys Med Biol54 (2009)3513–3527.
24.
KaoT., ConnorD., DilmanianF.A, et al., Characterization of diffraction-enhanced imaging contrast in breast cancer, Physics in Medicine and Biology54 (2009)3247–3256.
25.
ElshemeyW.M., DesoukyO.S., FekryM.M, et al., The diagnostic capability of X-ray scattering parameters for the characterization of breast cancer, Medical Physics37 (2010)4257–4265.
26.
PaniS., CookE.J., HorrocksJ.A, et al., Characterization of breast tissue using energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction computed tomography, Applied Radiation and Isotopes68 (2010)1980–1987.
27.
Conceição A.L., AntoniassiM, Poletti M.E and CaldasL.V, Preliminary study of human breast tissue using synchrotron radiation combining WAXS and SAXS techniques, Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including data, Instrumentation and Methods for use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine68 (2010), 799–803.
28.
Conceição A.L.C., Antoniassi M.Cunha D.M, et al., Multivariate analysis of the scattering profiles of healthy and pathological human breast tissues, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment652 (2011), 870–873.
29.
KonstantinidisA., AnaxagorasT., EspositoM, et al., DynAMITe: A prototype large area CMOS APS for breast cancer diagnosis using x-ray diffraction measurements, SPIE 2012.
30.
ElshemeyW.M., MohamedF.S., KhaterI.M., X-ray scattering for the characterization of lyophilized breast tissue samples, Radiation Physics and Chemistry90 (2013)67–72.
31.
GhammraouiB., BadalA., Monte Carlo simulation of novel breast imaging modalities based on coherent x-ray scattering, Physics in Medicine and Biology59 (2014)3501–3516.
32.
Conceição A.L.C., AntoniassiM., GeraldelliW. and PolettiM.E., Mapping transitions between healthy and pathological lesions in human breast tissues by diffraction enhanced imaging computed tomography (DEI-CT) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), Radiation Physics and Chemistry95 (2014), 313–316.
33.
LakshmananM.N., HarrawoodB.P., SameiE., KapadiaA.J., Volumetric X-ray coherent scatter imaging of cancer in resected breast tissue: A Monte Carlo study using virtual anthropomorphic phantoms, Physics in Medicine and Biology60 (2015)6355–6370.
34.
MossR.M., AminA.S., CrewsC, et al., Correlation of X-ray diffraction signatures of breast tissue and their histopathological classification, Scientific Reports7 (2017)12998.
35.
MartickeF., MontémontG., PaulusC, et al., Simulation study of an X-ray diffraction system for breast tumordetection, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment867 (2017)20–31.
36.
BarbesD., TabaryJ., PaulusC, et al., Material-specific imaging system using energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction and spatially resolved CdZnTe detectors with potential application in breast imaging, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment848 (2017)91–98.
37.
FeldmanV., PaulusC., TabaryJ, et al., X-ray diffraction setup for breast tissue characterization: Experimental validation on beef phantoms, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment972 (2020)164075.
38.
AlarouiD.F., JohnstonE.M., FarquharsonM.J, Comparison of two X-ray detection systems used to investigate properties of normal and malignant breast tissues, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment954 (2020), 161900.
39.
TartariA., CasnatiE., BonifazziC., BaraldiC, Molecular differential cross sections for x-ray coherent scattering in fat and polymethyl methacrylate, Physics in Medicine and Biology42 (1997)2551–2560.
40.
BooneJ.M., SeibertJ.A, An accurate method for computer-generating tungsten anode x-ray spectra from 30 to 140 kV, Medical Physics24 (1997)1661–1670.
ChuC.H., YuanM.C., HuangW.S., HsiehB.T, Dosimetry and kVp standardization for quality assurance of mammography, Radiation Physics and Chemistry104 (2014)316–320.
43.
JenningsR.J., EastgateR.J., SiedbandM.P., ErgunD.L, Optimal X-ray spectra for screen-film mammography, Medical Physics8 (1981)629–639.
44.
DelisH., SpyrouG., TzanakosG., PanayiotakisG., The influence of mammographic X-ray spectra on absorbed energy distribution in breast: Monte Carlo simulation studies, Radiation Measurements39 (2005)149–155.
45.
MonninP., GutierrezD., BullingS, et al., A comparison of the performance of digital mammography systems, Medical Physics34 (2007), 906–914.
46.
TomalA., PerezA.M.M.M., SilvaM.C., PolettiM.E., Experimental evaluation of the image quality and dose in digital mammography: Influence of X-ray spectrum, Radiation Physics and Chemistry116 (2015), 282–286.
