The Velocity Storage Mechanism of the Optokinetic Nystagmus Under Apparent Stimulus Movements in Squirrel Monkeys

Abstract

Experiments in two awake untrained squirrel monkeys were performed to study the velocity storage mechanism during fast rise of OKN slow phase velocity. This was done by testing the monkey’s capability to perform OKN in response to a stationary-appearing stroboscopically illuminated stripe pattern of a horizontally rotating drum. Nystagmus was initially elicited during constant illumination lasting between 0.6 and 25 s. The periodicity of the stripe pattern was 2.37°. When after the constant light the flash illumination was switched on again, two types of behavior could occur, depending on the length of the constant light interval (CLI): 1) when the CLI was shorter than a threshold value of 6.2 seconds, the OKN ceased under the flash stimulation. Then a “post-OKN” occurred that increased with the length of the CLIs, indicating that the intermittently illuminated pattern did not provoke fixation suppression of OKN aftereffects. 2) when the CLI was above threshold, the OKN continued under the flash light: it will he called “apparent movement OKN.” The threshold CLI between the type 1 and the type 2 response did not depend on drum velocities between 21.5°/s and 71.3°/s. The average gain of the apparent movement OKN was 0.83 ± 0.04; gain and stability of slow phase eye movement velocity did not deviate systematically from the usually elicited OKN. OKAN after apparent movement OKN did not deviate from OKAN after constantly illuminated moving patterns. In response to the OKN initiation by a constantly illuminated pattern up to pattern velocities of 100°/s, the OKN steady state gain was reached within the first 2 or 3 nystagmus beats. We ascribe the increase of the post-OKN with CLI and the existence of a threshold constant light interval to activity-accumulation in the common velocity-to-position integrator (velocity storage) of the brain stem. Loading of the velocity storage takes place after the OKN gain has already reached the steady-state value. Apparent movement OKN could also be elicited in guinea pigs that lack an effective smooth pursuit system. We suggest that apparent movement OKN is produced by mechanisms located in the brain stem.