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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of human skin and deemed as barrier against chemical exposure and water loss. Moisturizers have beneficial effects in treating dry skin, especially the SC. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) was used to evaluate the efficacy of moisturizers on skin hydration and penetration, with such agents posing inherent characteristics of being noninvasive, nondestructive, timesaving, and cost effective. Bionics vernix caseosa (BVC) cream mimics the composition of vernix caseosa (VC), which could protect the newborn skin.

METHODS:

This research applied CRS to evaluate the penetration depth and water content variation during the intervention with two moisturizers, BVC cream and Vaseline. Volunteers received the 2 h application of BVC cream and Vaseline on the forearms. The evaluations on 0 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h were performed clinical assessment. Experimental data was processed by least square method and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS:

The penetration depth of Vaseline was deeper than that of Bionics vernix caseosa cream. Specifically, BVC cream penetrated 18 $\mu$ m into human skin, while Vaseline penetrated at least 20 $\mu$ m. Compared with Vaseline, only BVC cream increased skin hydration, with a moisturizing effect lasting for 4 h. At 6 h, the Vaseline moisturizing effect decreased significantly.

Keywords

Bionics vernix caseosa cream Vaseline confocal Raman spectroscopy hydration penetration

1. Introduction

The skin is the largest organ of human being and accomplishes multiple defensive functions, such as protection against exogenous chemical and physical factors. The stratum corneum (SC) is the top layer of the epidermis, with the function of a barrier against the penetration of exogenous substances and the loss of water [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Skin barrier in proper condition is necessary to regulate evaporative water loss while maintaining the level of hydration essential for the enzyme reactions that facilitate stratum corneum desquamation and maturation [6]. Skin moisturization is important for flexibility and other aspects of a healthy appearance [7]. If the SC’s water content (10–20%) decreases, the protective layer of the skin starts to become dry. In this case, cosmetic products are usually applied to healthy promotion, moisturized skin and overcome signs of dryness [8].

Moisturizers prevent evaporative water loss to the environment by placing an oily substance on the skin surface where water cannot penetrate, thus replenishing the SC moisture by water moving from the lower viable epidermal and dermal layers [9]. Vaseline, an oil-soluble ingredient in cosmetic formulas, has been proposed as the best treatment for dryness, among its various occlusive properties. However, Vaseline is a thick and waxy material that makes it difficult to handle and inconvenient for general use, especially over large areas of the body [10].

Vernix caseosa (VC) is a white and creamy substance, which naturally occurring biofilm covering the skin of the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy. VC coating on the new born baby skin, facilitates extrauterine adaptation of the skin in the first postnatal week if not washed away after birth and protects the neonatal skin [11]. VC consists of water (81%), lipids (9%), and proteins (10%) [12], which can be deemed as a baby’s natural skin cream with multiple functions such as skin miniaturization, protection against bacterial infection, pH adjustment and epidermal barrier repair [13, 14, 15]. As a result of bionic technology, Bionics vernix caseosa (BVC) cream could be used for a better improvement of the moisturizing process.

Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) is used as noninvasive method to determine depth profiles of water concentration of skin seems to be a highly sensitive technique to monitor changes of molecular [16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Currently, commonly used instruments are capacitance or conductance principles designed to evaluate the barrier function of stratum corneum, including trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration. Because highly hydrated skin is high conductivity and low capacitance, use oil products will hinder the flow of ions in the skin [21]. Therefore, it is more accurate to evaluate the influence of oily substances on skin moisture content with CRS. Caspers et al. [22] proposed a method to calculate the concentration profile of water mass, based on the ration of integrated region from 3350 cm ${}^{-1}$ to 3550 cm ${}^{-1}$ and that of integrated from 2910 cm ${}^{-1}$ to 2965 cm ${}^{-1}$ , represent the intensity of OH vibration and that of keratin. This method has been commonly used in water-related researches, e.g. stratum corneum thickness the determination. Vyumvuhore et al. [23] also illustrated the different water molecules types, namely primary bound water, partially bound water and unbound water, which can be calculated with the Gaussian function-based deconvolution of the Raman OH band (3100–3700 cm ${}^{-1}$ ). In this study, we investigated the skin penetration and moisturizing effect of BVC cream and Vaseline by CRS.

2. Materials and methods

Six healthy volunteers, 3 females and 3 males, aged between 23 to 25 years were recruited. The volunteers were informed not to shower or bathe at least 4 h and not to use any skin care products on the forearms for at least 72 h prior to the experiments. After 20 mins acclimation time, 2 skin areas (each of 2 $\times$ 2 cm ${}^{2}$ size) were marked on the volar forearms under constant temperature and humidity room (23 $\pm$ 2 ${}^{\circ}$ C, 45 $\pm$ 2% relative humidity). First of all, the product was topically applied on one targeted area of the forearm and rubbed homogenously. Secondly, the intact skin area was measured at two measuring points of each person by confocal Raman microscopy as a control. After the product was applied for 2 h, the remaining product was cleaned by soft filter paper and each targeted area was measured using confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). Application times of 2, 4 and 6 h before measurements were chosen.

2.1 Moisturizer lotion

Vaseline (TeFuWang, China).

BVC cream lotions include refined jojoba oil 10 $\sim$ 30 wt%, jojoba ester 10 $\sim$ 30 wt%, hydrogenated lecithin 1 $\sim$ 25 wt%, plant sterol 5 $\sim$ 30 wt%, cetaceanol 5 $\sim$ 30 wt%, ceramide 30.1 $\sim$ 5 wt%.

2.2 Confocal Raman spectroscopy

Samples were placed in a constant temperature and humidity chamber under the microscope interfaced to a CRS (Horiba Jobin Yvon, Villeneuved’Ascq, France). The sample video image of was used for accurate positioning of the laser spot on the sample. A 660 nm pumped Nd:YLF laser was utilized. The collected light was filtered through a notch filter and dispersed with an 8 cm ${}^{-1}$ spectral resolution and a holographic grating of 600 gr/mm. Spectral acquisition was utilizing LabSpec 6.0 software (Horiba Scientific, Lille, France). Each volunteer was measured three times for each skin area. For each depth, a 2 seconds exposure time was used. The collection depth ranged from 0 to 20 $\mu$ m. All spectra were designed to the same automatic preprocessing protocol and were smoothed using a Savitzky-Golay filter of nine points [24]. Fluorescence backgrounds were suppressed by a second derivative polynomial function [25].

2.3 Data analysis

2.3.1 BVC cream and Vaseline penetration measurements

Penetration was determined by using the classical least squares method, first obtaining the spectra of the samples and skin as well as the spectra after using the product, according to the following formula:

$\displaystyle\text{C}(\text{after})=\alpha*\text{C}(\text{skin})+\beta*\text{C% }(\text{sample})$

where the coefficients for the skin and sample are $\alpha$ and $\beta$ , respectively, and $\beta$ / $\alpha$ is the transdermal absorption of samples. When the depth of transdermal absorption $>$ 0, it shows that the samples penetrate to that depth [23, 26].

2.3.2 BVC cream and Vaseline influence skin moisture content measurements

According to Caspers et al. [22], the skin water content as a function of depth was detected by the ratio of the protein keratin integrated peak areas (between 2910 and 2965 cm ${}^{-1}$ ) and water molecules (between 3100 and 3620 cm ${}^{-1}$ ), resulting from CH and OH stretching vibrations. The following equation was used to evaluate the water content:

$\displaystyle(3100\sim 3620)\text{cm}^{-1}/(2910\sim 2965)\text{cm}^{-1}$

2.4 Statistical analysis

The ANOVA test was used for measurement of time changes among the subjects at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h. The $P$ value $<$ 0.05 was considered as statistical significance.

For each time, the average results if the measurements on all volunteers’ stratum corneum were presented as mean $\pm$ standard deviation and an ANOVA test was performed.

3. Results

3.1 BVC cream and Vaseline penetration measurements

Figure 1.

(a) BVC Cream and (b) Vaseline penetration measurements.

The results of skin retention of volunteers using BVC cream and Vaseline are shown in Fig. 1. The x-coordinate is the skin depth, and the y-coordinate is the retention of the samples. When the percutaneous absorption at a certain depth is greater than zero, it indicates that the sample penetrates to that depth.

As shown in Fig. 1a, the penetration depth of the BVC cream is approximately 18 $\mu$ m. In the range of 0–10 $\mu$ m, BVC cream retention significantly decreases ( $P<$ 0.05) in 4 h and 6 h compared with 2 h. In Fig. 1b, Vaseline penetrates at least 20 $\mu$ m because the curve tends to increase at 20 $\mu$ m. In the range of 0–2 $\mu$ m, Vaseline retention significantly decreases ( $P<$ 0.05) in 4 h compared with 2 h.

3.2 BVC cream and Vaseline influence skin moisture content measurements

Figure 2.

(a) BVC cream and (b) Vaseline influence skin moisture content measurements.

The influence of the samples on the skin moisture content is shown in Fig. 2. The x-coordinate is the depth of the skin, and the y-coordinate is the ratio of the water peak (3100–3620 cm ${}^{-1}$ ) to the keratin peak (2910–2965 cm ${}^{-1}$ ). There was no significant difference in the baseline data of the 6 volunteers’ water content ( $P>$ 0.05). Therefore, we used one-way ANOVAs to compare the water content of skin with different time periods under the same depth.

In Fig. 2a, the skin water content showed an upward trend after applying BVC cream for 2 or 4 h, but there was no significant difference ( $P>$ 0.05). In 6 h, the skin water content basically returned to the initial state.

In Fig. 2b, the water content of the skin decreased after applying Vaseline at 2 and 4 h, but there was no significant difference at any depth ( $P>$ 0.05), while the water content decreased significantly in 6 h ( $P<$ 0.05).

4. Discussion

4.1 Comparison of the skin penetration depth

The maximum depth of collection was 20 $\mu$ m. One reason is that a long integration time affects the stability and accuracy of the test. In addition, increasing the excitation wavelength can lead to the risk of skin burns. Under our test conditions, it was shown that Vaseline penetrates deeper than BVC cream.

Based on the above results, BVC cream and Vaseline mostly remain in the SC. The stratum corneum (SC) plays an important role in the skin barrier protection. However, when we use external intervention for skin care, we need to consider the target position of the active ingredients. Lipids of stratum corneum are with an important role in the regulation of the various compounds absorption from the surface of the skin [27].

BVC cream is a semipermeable film that allows the passage of water vapor [28]. Vaseline is an impermeable film that allows low water vapor transport, indicating that BVC cream is almost fully occlusive compared with BVC cream [28, 29, 30]. Georgios et al. [31] investigated Vaseline and found a significantly higher penetration depth. s Additionally, as for the high occlusion ability, Vaseline gives rise to an increase of water in the SC and causes a swelling effect. The stratum corneum swells to several times its normal thickness and exhibits increased cell membrane permeability when exposed to liquid water or high humidity. Occluded environments or Prolonged high humidity also contribute to poor skin conditions, e.g. diaper dermatitis [32]. Damaged stratum corneum treated with semipermeable films recovers more quickly than damaged stratum corneum treated under complete occlusion or no occlusion, as reported after tape stripping and in premature infants [33, 34, 35, 36].

4.2 The moisturizing properties of Vaseline

The water content of Vaseline showed a significant difference by comparison of the results at 6 h with those at 2 and 4 h. Vaseline is a ready-made occlusive emollient [37]. It forms a film on the skin surface, fills the gap between a large number of exfoliating keratinocytes under dry skin conditions, smooths the rough surface of the cuticle, and increases the skin’s moisturizing ability [37]. After applying moisturizers such as glycerin, Vaseline is applied to the skin, which can significantly reduce TEWL [38, 39]. Based on the experimental design and equipment requirements, Vaseline was wiped for 2 h. As described in Section 4.1, Vaseline has the function of SC swelling and skin barrier disruption, leading to a significant decrease in water content after 6 h. Additionally, TEWL as a cell signal can induce the repair of the SC barrier and the synthesis of intracellular lipids. If TEWL is completely blocked, the repair of the SC barrier will be impeded. When the Vaseline is removed, the water content will return to the pretreatment level. However, other research also shows that Vaseline can penetrate SC to help repair the skin barrier, starting with the production of intercellular lipids, such as sphingolipids, free sterols, and free fatty acids [40].

4.3 The moisturizing properties of BVC cream

BVC cream is composed of 9 types of lipids, and some of its components form an oil film like that of Vaseline. Although each of the lipid species is important for stratum corneum homeostasis, ceramides are of particular importance because of their large weight contribution and structural characteristics. Ali et al. [41] used Raman spectroscopy to and the organization of three synthetic ceramides (CER) and detect the evolution of the conformation differing from each other by their polar heads in nature (sphingosine, phytosphingosine and a hydroxyl sphingosine), namely CER 2, III and 5. CER III and 5 illustrated a ordered organization and more compact and stronger polar interactions at intermediate relative humidity values, while CER 2 illustrated opposite tendencies and results to those observed with CER III and 5 [41]. BVC cream adds Ceramide III, and its polar head may bind hydroxy of water molecule. This may be responsible for increasing the skin water content. If the environmental humidity changes, BVC cream supplies the skin with ceramides. It has been illustrated that when free fatty acids, cholesterol, or ceramides are applied alone, they aggravate the barrier rather than improve. In contrast, a mixture of the three key lipids in appropriate molar ratios leads to normal barrier repair [42]. Thus, the present conclusion supports the scientific mixture of lipids in BVC cream lotions.

Compare the moisturizing properties of BVC cream and Vaseline, we find the two different kind of mechanism. BVC cream reconstituted skin lipids, which include CER and unsaturated fatty acid. These materials can combine with hydroxyl group of water to increase water content and repair skin protection. While, Vaseline only contain saturated fatty acid that over the skin to prevent water loss.

Our subject remaining to be explored is how to use CRS to compare skin penetration and the moisturizing effect of different moisture lotions. We used only healthy subjects to minimize confounding variables. Future research is suggested include testing subjects with damaged skin. The results of the present experiments indicate that BVC cream can be used in cosmetics for infant skin and sensitive skin, as well as an external reagent for fragile skin with thin cuticles.

Above all, Vaseline can penetrate deeper into the skin, meaning that it can be used as a substrate for medical purposes or for deeper targeted sites. In infant skin and sensitive skin, the SC is thin. Therefore, in the process of creating moisturizing products, skin physiological characteristics should be considered in the design principles.

5. Conclusion

The penetration depth of BVC cream is approximately 18 $\mu$ m, and that of Vaseline is at least 20 $\mu$ m. After applying Vaseline for 2 h and wiping it off, the effect on skin moisture content was negative. In contrast, BVC cream promoted the trend of increasing the skin moisture content.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Raman spectroscopic analysis of skin penetration and moisturizing effects of Bionics vernix caseosa cream compared with Vaseline

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Moisturizer lotion

2.2 Confocal Raman spectroscopy

2.3 Data analysis

2.3.1 BVC cream and Vaseline penetration measurements

2.3.2 BVC cream and Vaseline influence skin moisture content measurements

2.4 Statistical analysis

3. Results

3.1 BVC cream and Vaseline penetration measurements

4.1 Comparison of the skin penetration depth

4.2 The moisturizing properties of Vaseline

4.3 The moisturizing properties of BVC cream

5. Conclusion

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

References