The effects of trunk stabilization exercise programs and exercises applying weight loads for stroke patients are well presented. However, there is not enough objective research to prove the effects of trunk stabilization exercise programs using weight loads for stroke patients.
OBJECTIVE:
In this study, a trunk stabilization exercise program using weight loads was performed to investigate its impact on the balance and gait ability of stroke patients.
METHODS:
Thirty patients with stroke were randomly divided into three groups. Experiment group 1 followed a trunk stabilization exercise program using weight loads, experiment group 2 followed a trunk stabilization exercise program, and the control group followed general physiotherapy. Patients’ balance ability was assessed using balance measurement equipment BT-4 (postural sway area (PSA), postural sway length (PSL), limit of stability (LOS)), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Time Up and Go test (TUG). Gait speed was measured to examine gait ability.
RESULT:
After the intervention, the PSA, PFSL in experimental groups 1 and 2 decreased but that of the control group increased. BBS, TUG, and LOS scores of experimental group 1 were significantly improved compared to experimental group 2 and the control group. Also, gait speed was significantly improved in experimental group 1 compared to experimental group 2 and the control group.
CONCULSION:
This study may be used as a basic material for an effective trunk stabilization exercise method for stroke patients and might be of significance as an intervention method for stroke patients requiring long-term treatment.
Akuthota,V., & Nadler,S. F. (2004). Core strengthening. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation85, 86–92.
2.
Anders,C., Brose,G., Hofmann,G. O., & Scholle,H.-C. (2008). Evaluation of the EMG–force relationship of trunk muscles during whole body tilt. Journal of Biomechanics41(2), 333–339.
3.
Bae,S. H., Lee,H. G., Kim,Y. E., Kim,G. Y., Jung,H. W., & Kim,K. Y. (2013). Effects of trunk stabilization exercises on different support surfaces on the cross-sectional area of the trunk muscles and balance ability. Journal of Physical Therapy Science25(6), 741–745.
4.
Bastiaanse,C., Duysens,J., & Dietz,V. (2000). Modulation of cutaneous reflexes by load receptor input during human walking. Experimental Brain Research135(2), 189–198.
5.
Beninato,M., Portney,L. G., & Sullivan,P. E. (2009). Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a framework to examine the association between falls and clinical assessment tools in people with stroke. Physical Therapy89(8), 816–825.
6.
Borg,F. G., & Laxåback,G. (2010). Entropy of balance-some recent results. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation7(1), 1–11.
7.
Cabanas-Valdés,R., Cuchi,G. U., & Bagur-Calafat,C. (2013). Trunk training exercises approaches for improving trunk performanceand functional sitting balance in patients with stroke: a systematicreview. NeuroRehabilitation33(4), 575–592.
8.
Cho,J., & Kim,R. (2013). The gait analysis of lower extremity joint according to sandbag attaching position. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies51(2), 767–775.
9.
Dean,C. M., Richards,C. L., & Malouin,F. (2000). Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation81(4), 409–417.
10.
DeRosa,C. P., & Porterfield,J. A. (1992). A physical therapy model for the treatment of low back pain. Physical Therapy72(4), 261–269.
11.
Flansbjer,U.-B., Holmbäck,A. M., Downham,D., Patten,C., & Lexell,J. (2005). Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine37(2), 75–82.
12.
Hacmon,R. R., Krasovsky,T., Lamontagne,A., & Levin,M. F. (2012). Deficits in intersegmental trunk coordination during walking are related to clinical balance and gait function in chronic stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy36(4), 173–181.
13.
Hasselbach-Heitzeg,M. M., & Reuter-Lorenz,P. A. (2002). Egocentric body-centered coordinates modulate visuomotor performance. Neuropsychologia40(11), 1822–1833.
14.
Hiengkaew,V., Jitaree,K., & Chaiyawat,P. (2012). Minimal detectable changes of the Berg Balance Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, Timed “Up & Go” Test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation93(7), 1201–1208.
15.
Hill,T. R., Gjellesvik,T. I., Moen,P. M. R., Tørhaug,T., Fimland,M. S., Helgerud,J., & Hoff,J. (2012). Maximal strength training enhances strength and functional performance in chronic stroke survivors. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation91(5), 393–400.
16.
Hodges,P. W., & Richardson,C. A. (1997). Relationship between limb movement speed and associated contraction of the trunk muscles. Ergonomics40(11), 1220–1230.
17.
Hwang,J.-W., Lee,S.-K., Park,J.-S., Ahn,S.-H., Lee,K.-J., & Lee,S.-J. (2017). The effects of ankle weight loading on the walking factors of adults without symptoms. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation13(4), 425.
18.
Jeong,H.-R., & Byun,Y.-H. (2018). The effects of -week prenatal yoga on Physical, Psychological Factors and Pregnancy Outcome in Pregnant Women in Third Trimester. Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies72, 415–427.
19.
Jung,D.-E., & Kim,K. (2015). The effects of ankle loads on balance ability during one-leg stance. Journal of Physical Therapy Science27(5), 1527–1528.
20.
Kim,E.-J., Hwang,B.-Y., & Kim,J.-H. (2009). The effect of core strength exercises on balance and walking in patients with stroke. J Kor Soc Phys Ther21(4), 17–22.
21.
Kim,D.-G., Choi,Y.-R., & Cha,Y.-J. (2018). Comparison of Exercise Intensity of Strengthening Exercise Program for Stroke Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine13(4), 105–112.
22.
Kim,D.-J. (2006). The effects of bobath treatment for trunk aligment on the balance and gait in adult hemiplegic patients. Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
23.
Kim,H., Lee,H., & Seo,K. (2013). The effects of dual-motor task training on the gait ability of chronic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science25(3), 317–320.
24.
Kim,H.-G., & Lee,J.-H. (2019). The effect of trunk muscle contraction gait training for anticipatory posture on balance and walking of stroke patients. J Korean Acad Ther11(1), 85–91.
25.
Kim,S. (2008). The effective factors on balance in stroke patients. J Korea Sports Res19, 125–134.
26.
Kim,U. (2005). The effects of cardiorespiratory response and energy economy to walking exercise with added shoe weight, and to verify the shoe weight and walking economy. Korea Sport Res16, 155–164.
27.
Lee,J.-Y., Park,J.-S., Lee,D.-H., Han,S.-K., & Roh,H.-L. (2012). Effect of the trunk muscle stabilization training on balance for chronic stroke patients. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society13(3), 1212–1219.
28.
Lee,S. (2012). The effect of gluteus medius activity and gait characteristics applied to vertical loads on the ground walking. Daegu University. Dissertation of Doctorate Degree.
29.
Lim,J.-S., Song,J.-M., & Kim,J.-S. (2011). The effect of core stabilization exercise on foot pressure in hemiplegic patients. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine6(2), 109–118.
30.
Miyake,Y., Kobayashi,R., Kelepecz,D., & Nakajima,M. (2013). Core exercises elevate trunk stability to facilitate skilled motor behavior of the upper extremities. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies17(2), 259–265.
31.
Moon,H. J., Choi,K. H., Kim,D. H., Kim,H. J., Cho,Y. K., Lee,K. H., & Choi,Y. J. (2013). Effect of lumbar stabilization and dynamic lumbar strengthening exercises in patients with chronic low back pain. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine37(1), 110.
32.
Morris,S., Morris,M. E., & Iansek,R. (2001). Reliability of measurements obtained with the Timed “Up & Go” test in people with Parkinson disease. Physical Therapy81(2), 810–818.
33.
Park,S., Lim,H. S., & Yoon,S. (2021). The Effect of Wrist and Trunk Weight Loading using Sandbags on Gait in Chronic Stroke Patients. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics31(1), 50–58.
34.
Podsiadlo,D., & Richardson,S. (1991). The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society39(2), 142–148.
35.
Oh,K.-B. (2005). The effect of core stability training on postural control and activity of daily living of stroke patients. Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
36.
Sharp,S. A., & Brouwer,B. J. (1997). Isokinetic strength training of the hemiparetic knee: effects on function and spasticity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation78(11), 1231–1236.
37.
Shim,H.-B., Cho,H.-y., & Choi,W.-H. (2014). Effects of the trunk stabilization exercise on muscle activity in lumbar region and balance in the patients with hemiplegia. The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy26(1), 33–40.
38.
Shin,H.-K., Jung,J.-W., & Kim,Y.-J. (2013). The comparison of symmetry of vertical ground reaction force on pattern of sit to stand in the chronic stroke patients. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics23(3), 253–259.
39.
Shin,W.-S., Kim,C.-Y., Lee.D.-Y., & Lee.S.-M. (2009). The effects of trunk stability exercise on dynamic balance in the persons with chronic stroke. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society10(9), 2509–2515.
40.
Song,W. S., Park,M. C., & Shim,J. M. (2010). The effect of the circuit exercise and conventional exercise on walking ability in chronic stroke. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine5(2), 193–201.
41.
Teasdale,N., & Simoneau,M. (2001). Attentional demands for postural control: the effects of aging and sensory reintegration. Gait & Posture14(3), 203–210.
42.
Tilson,J. K., Sullivan,K. J., Cen,S. Y., Rose,D. K., Koradia,C. H., Azen,S. P., Team, L. E. A. P. S. I. (2010). Meaningful gait speed improvement during the first 60 days poststroke: minimal clinically important difference. Physical Therapy90(2), 196–208.
43.
Tyson,S. F., Hanley,M., Chillala,J., Selley,A., & Tallis,R. C. (2006). Balance disability after stroke. Physical Therapy86(1), 30–38.
44.
Washabaugh,E. P., Augenstein,T. E., & Krishnan,C. (2020). Functional resistance training during walking: Mode of application differentially affects gait biomechanics and muscle activation patterns. Gait & Posture75, 129–136.
45.
Yu,S.-H., & Park,S.-D. (2013). The effects of core stability strength exercise on muscle activity and trunk impairment scale in stroke patients. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation9(3), 362.
