Metacognition as the ultimate executive: Techniques and tasks to facilitate executive functions

Abstract

It has been well-documented that executive function deficits are a common consequence of brain injury. Metacognitive processes, in close alliance with executive functions, are viewed as integral components of learning and awareness. Combining all of these areas may be necessary to achieve a beneficial treatment plan for improving executive functions. This article provides a definitional analysis of executive functions and metacognitive processes and it discusses the role of learning, internal mediation, and strategy development. A specific executive functions program is described and suggested as a framework for establishing a metacognitive-learning routine.