Neonates are too vulnerable that low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth can easily threaten their lives. Demographic, social and environmental factors as well as health care are contributing factors for LBW. The study was conducted in 10 provinces of Iran to investigate the association between LBW and mother’s diseases.
METHODS:
A case-control study was conducted in 10 provinces of Iran on 2580 mothers (712 cases and 1868 controls) referred to public health care centers. We used a questionnaire to collect data. For univariate analysis we used chi-square test and for multivariable analysis we used logistic regression model.
RESULTS:
LBW was significantly associated with living in rural area (OR = 1.4 CI: 1.14–1.71), having body mass index (BMI)<18 (OR = 1.48 CI: 1.14–1.92), being a housewife (OR = 1.65 CI: 1.07–2.53), having high blood pressure (OR = 1.91 CI: 1.26–2.88), and having pregnancy without testing for diabetes (OR = 1.91 CI: 1.44–2.54). Minor thalassemia, hypothyroidism, oral health care and headache were not significant predictors for LBW.
CONCLUSION:
In this study, we observed that place of residence, BMI before pregnancy, mother’s occupation and gestational diabetes were significant predictors of LBW. It is necessary to improve women’s awareness about prenatal health care before pregnancy to avoid LBW.
SalehiniyaH, Mohamadkhani-ShahriL, Sabet-BirjandiS. The relationship of maternal serum magnesium levels and the incidenceof low-birth-weight infants: A case-control study. J Res Med Sci. 2014;32(282):507–12(Persian).
2.
AkramMB, RazaH. Maternal demographic determinants of low birth weight babies in District Jhang (Pakistan). Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(4):489–503.
3.
SafariMA, Samiee, SalehiF, et al.The prevalence and related factors of low birth weight. Int J Epidemiol Res. 2016;3(3):214–21.
4.
De BernabéJV, SorianoT, AlbaladejoR, et al.Risk factors for low birth weight: A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;116(1):3–15.
5.
BadshahS, MasonL, McKelvieK, PayneR, et al.Risk factors for low birthweight in the public-hospitals at Peshawar,NWFP-Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):1–10.
6.
NazariFZ, VaisiK, Sayehmiri, et al.Prevalence and trends of low birth weight in Iran: A systematic review and. Adv Nurs Midwifery. 2013;22(79):45–52.
7.
TootoonchiP. Low birth weight among newborn infants at Tehran hospitals. Iran J Pediatr. 2007;17(Suppl 2):186–92.
8.
MirzarahimiM, SaadatiH, BarakM, AbbasgholizadehN, AzamiA, EnteshariA. Incidence and risk factors of low-birth-weight infants. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2009;9(1):69–79(Persian).
9.
BhariZ, HoseinianM, AfroozS, et al.Prevalence of low birth weight and comparison of many biological characteristics of low birth weight– newborns, mothers with those of normal weight-newborns’ counterparts. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;21(81):37–44.
10.
DelbaereI, VerstraelenH, GoetgelukS, et al.Pregnancy outcome in primiparae of advanced maternal age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;135(1):41–6.
11.
TabandehA, KashaniE. Effects of maternal body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy on the outcome of delivery. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2007;9(1):20–4(Persian).
12.
EshraghianM, AbouAJ, GhafariZ, et al.The effects of riskfactor of pregnancy period on infant’s weight. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci Health Serv. 2008;11(4):60–5(Persian).
RaziS, VaziriNejadR, RezaeianM, SheikhF, ManshouriA, GoujaniR, et al.Survey of birth weight in newborns among mothers with and without a common underlying disease in Rafsanjan niknafs maternity in 2011-2012. JRUMS. 2014;13(4):323–38(Persian).
15.
KarakostaP, AlegakisD, GeorgiouV, RoumeliotakiT, FthenouE, VassilakiM, et al.Thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies in early pregnancy are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes and adverse birth outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4464–72.
16.
NaderiT, HonarvarZ, BahramporA, YosefzadehGHR, et al.The prevalence of hypothyroidism based on risk factors in pregnant women referred to Shahid Dadbin Clinic, Kerman, Iran. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2012;19(3):225–32(Persian).
17.
LykkeJA, Langhoff-RoosJ, SibaiBM, et al.Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother. Hypertension, 2009;53(6):944–51.
18.
KalraP, KachhwahaCP, SinghHV. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its outcome in western Rajasthan. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2013;17(4):677–80.
19.
KeshavarzM, CheungNW, BabaeeGR, et al.Gestational diabetes in Iran: Incidence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;69(3):279–86.
20.
BellamyL, CasasJP, HingoraniAD, et al.Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1773–9.
21.
MumbareSS, MaindarkarG, DaradeR, et al.Maternal risk factors associated with term low birth weight neonates: A matched-pair case control study. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49(1):25–8.
22.
MaheswariK, BeheraN. Maternal risk factors and outcome of low birth weight babies admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital. Curr Pediatr. 2014;18(2):69–72.
23.
GolestanMS, KarbasiA, FallahR. Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Yazd, Iran. Singapore Med J. 2011;52(10):730–3.
24.
RoudbariM, YaghmaeiM, SoheiliM. Prevalence and risk factors of low-birth-weight infants in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13(4):838–45.
25.
MirzarahimiM, HazratiS, AhmadiP, et al.Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Ardabil, Iran. Iran J Neo. 2013;4(1):18–23.
26.
NayakRK, MetgudCS, MallapurMD, et al.Prevalence of low birth weight at primary health centre of north Karnataka. Int J Pharm Med & Bio Sc. 2013;1:1–4.
27.
De laramM, AhmadiA. Prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight deliveries performed in the Hagar hospital in 1384. J Reprod Infertil. 2008;9(3):263–70(Persian).
28.
CharandabiMS, KamalifarM, Abrahamic MamaghaniM, Asghari Jafar abadiM, OmidiF. Evaluation of the nutritional behavior of women in first trimester of pregnancy and its relationship with some socio-demographic characteristics of whom referred to health centers in Karaj. Iranian J Obstet Gyn Infertility. 2012;15(8):10–8(Persian).
29.
Rifas-ShimanSL, Rich-EdwardsJW, KleinmanKP, et al.Dietary quality during pregnancy varies by maternal characteristics in Project Viva: A US cohort. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(6):1004–11.
30.
JafariF, EftekharH, PourrezaA, et al.Socio-economic and medical determinants of low birth weight in Iran: 20 years after establishment of a primary healthcare network. Public Health. 2010;124(3):153–8.
31.
NagargojeM, ChaudharyS, DeshmukhJ, et al.A case control study of risk factors for low birth weight in Nagpur City Of Maharashtra. IJCM. 2011;23(1):4–7.
32.
StrutzKL, DozierAM, van WijngaardenE, et al.Birth outcomes across three rural-urban typologies in the finger lakes region of New York. J Rural Health. 2012;28(2):162–73.
33.
JoshiH, SubbaS, DabralS, et al.Risk factors associated with low birth weight in newborns. Indian J Community Med. 2005;30(4):142–3.
34.
KhatunS, RahmanM. Socio-economic determinants of low birth weight in Bangladesh: A multivariate approach. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin. 2008;34(3):81–6.
35.
FallahM, AfrouzG, HeidariG. Examining the factors effective on birth weight among babies of Yazd Province in 2007. Tolooe Behdasht. 2008;7(3):57–65(Persian).
36.
LiY.-M., ChangT.-K.Maternal demographic and psychosocial factors associated with low birth weight in eastern Taiwan. The Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005;21(11):502–10.
37.
GhaviA, Fadakar SoghehK, NiknamiM, et al.Survey associated maternal Factors with low-weight infants in Women referred to health centers in Rasht. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2011;21(2):35–39.
38.
BrownJ, AderaT, MashoS. Previous abortion and the risk of low birth weight and preterm births. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(1):16–22.
39.
AnjumF, JavedT, AfzalMF, et al.Maternal risk factors associated with low birth weight: A case control study. Annals of King Edward Medical University. 2011;17(3):223–28.
40.
KeshavarzMBG. Comparison of pregnancy complications between gestational diabetes mellitus and normal group in Iran: A Cohort study. IJEM. 2003;5(4):325–31(Persian).
41.
ShefaliA, KavithaM, DeepaR, et al.Pregnancy outcomes in pre-gestational and gestational diabetic women in comparison to non-diabetic women-A prospective study in Asian Indian mothers (CURES-35). J Assoc Physicians India. 2006;54(8):613–8.
42.
AmooeeS, SamsamiA, JahanbakhshJ, et al.The pregnancy outcome in patients with minor β-thalassemia. Iran J Reprod Med. 2011;9(1):9–14.
43.
SheinerE, LevyA, YerushalmiR, et al.Beta-thalassemia minor during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(6):1273–7.
44.
Ghorbani BehroozH, T.M., MehrabiY, TehanidoastM, ZargharinejadG, AziziF.Examine the relationship between maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy and intellectual development of children. J Res Med Sci. 2008;32(4):335–43(Persian).
45.
GhanbariH, ForuzanfarA, Hafizi LotfabadiL, et al.The effect of periodontal disease on preterm fetal abortions in pregnant women with periodontitis. IJOGI. 2014;17(108):1–8(Persian).
46.
SouzaLM, CruzS.S.d, Gomes-FilhoIS, et al.Effect of maternal periodontitis and low birth weight— A case control study. Acta odontologica Scandinavica. 2016;74(1):73–80.
47.
MoreuG, TéllezL, González-JaranayM. Relationship between maternal periodontal disease and low-birth-weight pre-term infants. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(6):622–7.
48.
SiqueiraFM, CotaLO, CostaJE, HaddadJP, LanaAM, CostaFO. Intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth: Adverse pregnancy outcomes and their association with maternal periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2007;78(12):2266–76.
49.
LópezNJ, SmithPC, GutierrezJ. Higher risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in women with periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2002;81(1):58–63.
