Childhood weight disorder is a major public health problem worldwide. Although high income countries are facing to obesity, middle and low-income countries are struggling with a double burden of nutritional disorders.
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the association between early life factors with weight disorders and central obesity among children and adolescents.
METHODS:
This cross-sectional multi-centric study was conducted on 14400 students, aged 7-18 years in 2015 as a national surveillance program. Students were selected by random cluster sampling from 30 provinces of Iran. Early life factors were obtained via validated questionnaire from parents. Physical examination and anthropometric indices were documented. Weight disorders were includes underweight, excess weight based on World Health Organization growth charts and abdominal obesity.
RESULTS:
Students with low birth weight had higher odds for underweight than students with normal weight (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.65). The odds of excess weight in students with high birth weight were 36% higher than students with normal birth weight (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04-1.79,). In multivariate model, consuming cow’s milk in the two first years of life, prolonged breast feeding, high birth weight, and low pre-conception mother’s weight was associated with abdominal obesity.
CONCLUSION:
This study underscores the importance of early life factors on weight disorders in particular obesity and abdominal obesity of children and adolescents in later life.
ElenbergY, ShaoulR. The role of infant nutrition in the prevention of future disease. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:73.
2.
Organization WH. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. 2016.
3.
HosseiniSM, LatifiS, KelishadiR. Analysis of Factors Affecting the Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Iranian Children and Adolescents: Bootstrapping Regression. Advanced biomedical research. 2017;6.
4.
DorostyA, SiassiF, ReillyJ. Obesity in Iranian children. Archives of Disease in childhood. 2002;87(5): 388–391.
5.
KelishadiR. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiologic reviews. 2007;29(1): 62–76.
6.
KelishadiR, HaghdoostA-A, SadeghiradB, KhajehkazemiR. Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014;30(4): 393–400.
7.
ZiaoddiniH, KelishadiR, KamsariF, MirmoghtadaeeP, PoursafaP. First nationwide survey of prevalence of weight disorders in Iranian children at school entry. World Journal of Pediatrics. 2010;6(3): 223–227.
8.
KelishadiR, ArdalanG, GheiratmandR, Association of physical activity and dietary behaviours in relation to the body mass index in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN Study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007;85:19–26.
9.
MameliC, MazzantiniS, ZuccottiGV. Nutrition in the First 1000 Days: The Origin of Childhood Obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(9).
10.
BlackRE, VictoraCG, WalkerSP, Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The lancet. 2016;382(9890): 427–451.
11.
AdairLS. Long-term consequences of nutrition and growth in early childhood and possible preventive interventions. International Nutrition: Achieving Millennium Goals and Beyond. Vol 78: Karger Publishers; 2014;78:111–120.
12.
BaidalJAW, LocksLM, ChengER, Blake-LambTL, PerkinsME, TaverasEM. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1,000 days: a systematic review. American journal of preventive medicine. 2016;50(6): 761–779.
13.
MotlaghME, ZiaodiniH, QorbaniM, . Methodology and early findings of the fifth survey of childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult noncommunicable disease: The CASPIAN-V study. International journal of preventive medicine. 2017;8.
14.
KelishadiR, MotlaghME, RoomizadehP, . First report on path analysis for cardiometabolic components in a nationally representative sample of pediatric population in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): the CASPIAN-III Study. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2013;62(3): 257–265.
15.
Organization WH. Expert committee on physical status. Physical Status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. 1995.
16.
Organization WH. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group: WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: WHO. 2006;2007.
17.
KnowlesK, PaivaL, SanchezS, . Waist circumference, body mass index, and other measures of adiposity in predicting cardiovascular disease risk factors among Peruvian adults. International journal of hypertension. 2011;2011.
18.
Group WMGRS, de Onis M.. WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta paediatrica. 2006;95:76–85.
19.
LiC, FordES, MokdadAH, CookS. Recent trends in waist circumference and waist-height ratio among US children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5): e1390–1398.
20.
LifschitzC. Early life factors influencing the risk of obesity. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition. 2015;18(4): 217–223.
21.
WenLM, RisselC, HeG. The Effect of Early Life Factors and Early Interventions on Childhood Overweight and Obesity 2016. Journal of obesity. 2017;2017.
22.
BellS, YewSSY, DevenishG, HaD, DoL, ScottJ. Duration of Breastfeeding, but Not Timing of Solid Food, Reduces the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 24 to 36 Months: Findings from an Australian Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4).
23.
HortaBL, Loret de MolaC, VictoraCG. Long-term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatrica. 2015;104(S467): 30–37.
24.
YanJ, LiuL, ZhuY, HuangG, WangPP. The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. BMC public health. 2014;14(1): 1267.
25.
HarderT, BergmannR, KallischniggG, PlagemannA. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. American journal of epidemiology. 2005;162(5): 397–403.
26.
OwenCG, MartinRM, WhincupPH, SmithGD, CookDG. Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics. 2005;115(5): 1367–1377.
27.
OddyWH, MoriTA, HuangR-C, . Early infant feeding and adiposity risk: from infancy to adulthood. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2014;64(3-4): 262–270.
28.
ChiversP, HandsB, ParkerH, . Body mass index, adiposity rebound and early feeding in a longitudinal cohort (Raine Study). International journal of obesity. 2010;34(7): 1169.
29.
Mayer-DavisEJ, Rifas-ShimanSL, ZhouL, HuFB, ColditzGA, GillmanMW. Breast-feeding and risk for childhood obesity: does maternal diabetes or obesity status matter?Diabetes care. 2006;29(10): 2231–2237.
30.
SinghalA, LaniganJ. Breastfeeding, early growth and later obesity. Obesity reviews. 2007;8(s1): 51–54.
31.
BartokCJ, VenturaAK. Mechanisms underlying the association between breastfeeding and obesity. Pediatric Obesity. 2009;4(4): 196–204.
32.
ThompsonAL. Developmental origins of obesity: early feeding environments, infant growth, and the intestinal microbiome. American Journal of Human Biology. 2012;24(3): 350–360.
33.
AndreasNJ, HydeMJ, GaleC, . Effect of maternal body mass index on hormones in breast milk: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(12): e115043.
34.
MarsegliaL, MantiS, D’AngeloG, . Obesity and breastfeeding: the strength of association. Women and Birth. 2015;28(2): 81–86.
35.
LeyRE, TurnbaughPJ, KleinS, GordonJI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444(7122): 1022.
36.
NautaAJ, Ben AmorK, KnolJ, GarssenJ, Van der BeekE. Relevance of pre-and postnatal nutrition to development and interplay between the microbiota and metabolic and immune systems–. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;98(2): 586S–593S.
37.
LiR, MagadiaJ, FeinSB, Grummer-StrawnLM. Risk of bottle-feeding for rapid weight gain during the first year of life. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2012;166(5): 431–436.
38.
SchellongK, SchulzS, HarderT, PlagemannA. Birth weight and long-term overweight risk: systematic review and a meta-analysis including 643,902 persons from 66 studies and 26 countries globally. PloS one. 2012;7(10): e47776.
39.
LiN, LiuE, SunS, . Birth weight and overweight or obesity risk in children under 3 years in China. American Journal of Human Biology. 2014;26(3): 331–336.
40.
YeR, PeiL, RenA, ZhangY, ZhengX, LiuJ-m. Birth weight, maternal body mass index, and early childhood growth: a prospective birth cohort study in China. Journal of epidemiology. 2010;20(6): 421–428.
41.
FryeC, HeinrichJ. Trends and predictors of overweight and obesity in East German children. International journal of obesity. 2003;27(8): 963.
42.
DuboisL, GirardM. Early determinants of overweight at 4. 5 years in a population-based longitudinal study. International journal of obesity. 2006;30(4): 610.
43.
YuZ, HanS, ZhuG, . Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2011;12(7): 525–542.
44.
ZhangX, LiuE, TianZ, . High birth weight and overweight or obesity among Chinese children 3–6 years old. Preventive medicine. 2009;49(2-3): 172–178.
45.
QiaoY, MaJ, WangY, . Birth weight and childhood obesity: a 12-country study. International journal of obesity supplements. 2015;5(S2): S74.
46.
BahraniR, ChanYM, KhorGL, RahmanHA, EsmailzadehA, WongTW. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with socio-economic status among adolescents in Shiraz, southern Iran. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2016;47(2): 263.
47.
AbtahiM, PouraramH, DjazayeriA, EshraghianM, AminiM. Relationship between Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Adolescent Girls, and Socio-Economic Status of their Families: A case study in Tehran. J Nutri Health. 2016;2(1): 4.
48.
KeaneE, LayteR, HarringtonJ, KearneyPM, PerryIJ. Measured parental weight status and familial socio-economic status correlates with childhood overweight and obesity at age 9. PloS one. 2012;7(8): e43503.
49.
LordS, ManlhiotC, TyrrellPN, . Lower socioeconomic status, adiposity and negative health behaviours in youth: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ open. 2015;5(5): e008291.
50.
GroteV, TheurichM. Complementary feeding and obesity risk. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2014;17(3): 273–277.
51.
GroteV, TheurichM, LuqueV, . Complementary Feeding, Infant Growth, and Obesity Risk: Timing, Composition, and Mode of Feeding. Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth. Vol 89: Karger Publishers; 2018;93–103.
