Evaluating the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning,Disability,and Health (ICF) framework as an employment model for people with epilepsy

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to integrate the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and Stages of Change (SOC) frameworks into a comprehensive employment model for people with epilepsy. The contribution of each individual ICF construct and the interaction effects on work motivation were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis.

RESULTS:

Results from the hierarchical regression analysis revealed that demographic variables (e.g., work disincentives), disability-related variables (e.g., number of antiepileptic drugs), work-related variables (e.g., general employability, work tolerance, and work communication skills), and environmental variables (e.g., perceived stigma and social support) accounted for more than 55% of the variance in work motivation in this study.

CONCLUSION:

This study contributes new knowledge about the effect of work functioning, personal factors, and environmental factors on work motivation of people with epilepsy. Specifically, it provides a thorough understanding of complex person-environment factors and their interaction effects on employment, providing theoretical guidance and research evidence for developing and validating efficacious, effective, and efficient employment interventions.

Keywords

Epilepsy employment biopsychosocial ICF model

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Arida,

R. M

, Cavalheiro,

E. A

, & Scorza,

F. A.

(2011). From depressive symptoms to depression in people with epilepsy: Contribution of physical exercise to improve this picture. Epilepsy Research, 99, 1–13.

Arida,

R. M

, Scorza

F. A

, Terra

V. C

, Scorza

C. A

, de Almeida

A. C

, & Cavalheiro,

E. A.

(2009). Physical exercise in epilepsy: What kind of stressor is it?. Epilepsy and Behavior, 16, 381–387.

Arida,

R. M

, Scorza,

F. A

, & Cavalheiro,

E. A.

(2010). Favorable effects of physical activity for recovery in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 51(Suppl. 3), 76–79.

Austin,

J. K

, MacLeod,

, Dunn,

D. W

, Shen,

, & Perkins,

S. M.

(2004). Measuring stigma in children with epilepsy and their parents: Instrument development and testing. Epilepsy and Behavior, 5, 472–482.

Baker,

G. A.

(2005). Employment. In J. W. Sander, M. C. Walker, & J. E. Smalls (Eds.), EPILEPSY 2005 from neuron to nice: A practical guide to epilepsy: Lecture notes (pp. 495-499). Oxford, St. Anne’s College: ILEA.

Bautista,

R. E

, & Wludyka,

(2007). Factors associated with employment in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy and Behavior, 10(1), 89–95.

Bezyak,

J. L

, Berven,

N. L

, & Chan,

(2011). Stages of change and physical activity among individuals with severe mental illness. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56, 182–190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024207

Bishop,

(2004). Determinants of employment status among a community-based sample of people with epilepsy: Implications for rehabilitation interventions. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 47, 112–121.

Bishop,

, Berven,

N. L

, Hermann,

B. P

, & Chan,

(2002). Quality of life among adults with epilepsy: An exploratory model. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 45, 87–95.

10.

Bishop,

, & Chiu,

C. Y.

(2011). Epilepsy and employment. In J. Pinikahana & C. Walker (Eds.), Society, behaviour and epilepsy (pp. 93-114). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

11.

Borrell-Carrio,

, Suchman,

A. L

, & Epstein.

R. M.

(2004). The biopsychosocial model 25 years later: Principles, practice, and scientific inquiry. Annals of Family Medicine, 2, 576–582.

12.

Broadbent,

D. E

, Cooper,

P. F

, FitzGerald,

, & Parkes,

K. R.

(1982). The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. British Journal of Psychology, 21, 1–16.

13.

Brockow,

T. T

, Wohlfahrt,

, Hillert,

, Geyh,

, Weigl,

, Franke,

, et al. (2004). Identifying the concepts contained in outcome measures of clinical trials on depressive disorders using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as a reference. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(Suppl. 1), 49–55.

14.

Carver,

(1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92–100.

15.

Chan,

, Keegan,

, Sung,

, Drout,

, Pai,

C. H

, Anderson,

, & McLain,

(2009). The World Health Organization ICF model as a framework for assessing vocational rehabilitation outcomes. Journal of Rehabilitation Administration, 33, 91–112.

16.

Chan,

, Rubin,

S. E

, Lee,

, Miller,

, & Cheng,

(2003). A theoretical and operational framework for enhancing consumer involvement in rehabilitation plan development and program evaluation. Journal of Rehabilitation Administration, 27, 45–57.

17.

Chan,

, Sasson,

, Ditchman,

, Kim,

J. H

, & Chiu,

C. Y.

(2009). The World Health Organization ICF model as a conceptual framework of disability. In F. Chan, E. Cardoso, & J. Chronister (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for people with chronic illness and disability: A handbook for evidence-based rehabilitation health professionals (pp. 23-74). New York: Springer.

18.

Chan,

, Shaw,

, McMahon,

B. T

, Koch,

, & Strauser,

(1997). A model for enhancing consumer-counselor working relationships in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 41, 122–137.

19.

Chan,

, Tarvydas,

, Blalock,

, Strauser,

, & Atkins,

(2009). Unifying and elevating rehabilitation counseling through model-driven, culturally-sensitive evidence-based practice. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52, 114–119.

20.

Chaplin,

(2005). Vocational assessment and intervention for people with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 46(Suppl. 1), 55–56.

21.

Chaplin,

J. E

, Wester,

, & Tomson,

(1998). Factors associated with the employment problems of people with established epilepsy. Seizure, 7, 299–303.

22.

Chou,

C. C

, Ditchman,

, Pruett,

S. R

, Chan,

, & Hunter,

(2009). Application of self-efficacy related theories in psychosocial interventions. In F. E. Chan, E. E. Da Silva Cardoso, & J. A. Chronister (Eds.), Understanding psychosocial adjustment to chronic illness and disability: A handbook for evidence-based practitioners in rehabilitation (pp. 243-276). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co.

23.

Chronister,

, Johnson,

, & Lin,

C. P.

(2009). Coping and rehabilitation: Theory, research and measurement. In F. Chan, E. Cardoso, & J. Chronister (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for people with chronic illness and disability: A handbook for evidence-based rehabilitation health professionals (pp. 111-148). New York: Springer.

24.

Clarke,

B. M

, Upton,

A. R. M

, & Castellanos,

(2006). Work beliefs and work status in epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 9, 119–125.

25.

Clemmons,

D. C

, & Dodrill,

C. B.

(1983). Vocational outcomes of high school students with epilepsy. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 14, 49–53.

26.

Clemmons,

D. C

, & Dodrill,

C. B.

(1984). Vocational outcomes of high school students with epilepsy and neuropsychological correlates with later vocational success. In R. J. Porter et al. (Eds.), Advances in epileptology, vol. 15 (pp. 611-614). New York, NY: Raven Press.

27.

Cohen,

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

28.

Cohen,

(1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.

29.

Collings,

J. A.

(1990). Psychosocial well-being and epilepsy: An empirical study. Epilepsia, 31, 418–426.

30.

Conant,

K. D

, Morgan,

A. K

, Muzykewicz,

, Clark,

D. C

, & Thiele,

E. A.

(2008). A karate program for improving self-concept and quality of life in childhood epilepsy: Results of a pilot study. Epilepsy and Behavior, 12, 61–65.

31.

Crimmins,

E. M

, & Seeman,

T. E.

(2004). Integrating biology into the study of health disparities. Population and Development Review, 30, 89–107.

32.

De Boer,

H. M.

(2005). Overview and perspectives of employment in people with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 46(Suppl. 1), 52–54.

33.

Devinsky

(1994). A guide to understanding and living with epilepsy. Philadelphia: FA Davis.

34.

DiIorio,

, & Yeager,

(2003). The Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale. In O. L. Strickland & C. DiIorio (Eds.). Measurement of nursing outcomes: Self-care and coping. (2nd ed.,Vol 3, pp. 40-51). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

35.

DiIorio,

, Shafer,

P. O

, Letz,

, Henry,

T. R

, Schomer,

D. L

, & Yeager,

(2003). The association of stigma with self-management and perceptions of health care among adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 4, 259–267.

36.

DiIorio,

, Shafer,

P. O

, Letz,

, Henry,

T. R

, Schomer,

D. L

, & Yeager,

(2004). Project EASE: A study to test a psychosocial model of epilepsy medication management. Epilepsy and Behavior, 5, 926–936.

37.

DiIorio,

, Faherty,

, & Manteuffel,

(1992a). Self-efficacy and social support in self-management of epilepsy. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 14, 292–303.

38.

DiIorio,

, Faherty,

, & Manteuffel,

(1992b). The development and testing of an instrument to measure self-efficacy in individuals with epilepsy. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 24, 9–13.

39.

Dutta,

, Gervey,

, Chan,

, Chou,

C. C

, & Ditchman,

(2008). Vocational rehabilitation services and employment outcomes of people with disabilities: A United States study. Journal of Occupation Rehabilitation, 18, 326–334.

40.

Elwes,

R. D

, Marshall,

J. J

, Beattie,

A. A

, & Newman,

P. K.

(1991). Epilepsy and employment: A community based survey in an area of high unemployment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 54, 200–203.

41.

Engel,

G. L.

(1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196, 129–136.

42.

Fisher,

R. S.

(2000). Epilepsy from the patient’s perspective: Review of results of a community-based survey. Epilepsy and Behavior, 1, S9–S14.

43.

Fisher,

R. S

, Vickrey,

B. G

, Gibson,

, Hermann,

, Penovich,

, Scherer,

, & Walker,

(2000). The impact of epilepsy from the patient’s perspective: I. Descriptions and subjective perceptions. Epilepsy Research, 41, 39–51.

44.

Fraser,

R. T

, Clemmons,

D. C

, Dodrill,

C. B

, Trejo,

W. R

, & Freelove,

(1986). The difficult-to-employ in epilepsy rehabilitation: Predictions of response to an intensive intervention. Epilepsia, 27, 220–224.

45.

Gilliam,

F. G

, Barry,

J. J

, Hermann,

B. P

, Meador,

K. J

, Vahle,

, & Kanner,

A. M.

(2006). Rapid detection of major depression in epilepsy: A multicentre study. Lancet Neurology, 5, 399–405.

46.

Harden,

C. L

, Kossoy,

, Vera,

, & Nikolov,

(2004). Reaction to epilepsy in the workplace. Epilepsia, 45, 1134–1140.

47.

Heaney,

(1999). Epilepsy at work: Evaluating the cost of epilepsy in the workplace. Epilepsia, 40(Suppl. 8), 44–47.

48.

Hennessey,

J. C.

(1997). Factors affecting the work efforts of disabled-worker beneficiaries. Social Security Bulletin, 60, 3–20.

49.

Hoyt,

W. T

, Imel,

Z. E

, & Chan,

(2008). Multiple regression and correlation techniques: Recent controversies and best practices. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53, 321–339.

50.

Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2012). Epilepsy across the spectrum: Promoting health and understanding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

51.

Jacoby,

(1992). Epilepsy and the quality of everyday life: Findings from a study of people with well-controlled epilepsy. Social Science & Medicine, 34, 657–666.

52.

Jacoby,

(1995). Impact of epilepsy on employment status: Findings from a UK study of people with well-controlled epilepsy. Epilepsy Research, 21, 125–132.

53.

Jacoby,

, Baker,

G. A

, Steen,

, Potts,

, & Chadwick,

D. W.

(1996). The clinical course of epilepsy and its psychosocial correlates: Findings from a U.K. community study. Epilepsia, 37, 148–161.

54.

Jacoby,

, Gorry,

, & Baker,

G. A.

(2005). Employers’ attitudes to employment of people with epilepsy: Still the same old story?. Epilepsia, 46, 1978–1987.

55.

Kobau,

, Zahran,

, Thurman,

D. J

, Zack,

M. M

, Henry,

T. R

, Schachter,

S. C

, & Price,

P. H.

(2008). Epilepsy surveillance among adults: states, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2005. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 57, 1–20.

56.

Lam,

C. S

, Wiley,

A. H

, Siu,

A. M. H

, & Emmett,

(2010). Assessing readiness to work from a stage of change perspective: Implications for return to work. Work, 37, 321–329.

57.

Lee,

S. A

, Yoo,

H. J

, & Lee,

B. I.

(2005). Factors contributing to the stigma of epilepsy. Seizure, 14, 157–163.

58.

Legion,

(1991). Health education for self-management by people with epilepsy. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 23, 300–305.

59.

Livneh,

, & Wilson,

L. M.

(2003). Coping strategies as predictors and mediators of disability-related variables and psychosocial adaptation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 46, 194–208.

60.

Mannock,

, Levesque,

, & Prochaska,

(2002). Assessing readiness of clients with disabilities to engage in job seeking behaviors. Journal of Rehabilitation, 68, 16–23.

61.

Roessler,

R. T

, Hawley,

C. E

, & McMahon,

B. T.

(2012). Employment discrimination experiences of youth with epilepsy: A comparative analysis. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 36(3), 149–158.

62.

Peterson,

, & Rosenthal,

(2005). The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: A primer for rehabilitation educators. Rehabilitation Education, 19, 81–94.

63.

Prochaska,

J. O

, DiClemente,

C. C

, & Norcross,

J. C.

(1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114.

64.

Prochaska,

J. O

, & DiClemente,

C. C.

(1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390

65.

Rosenberg,

(1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

66.

Schachter,

S. C

, Shafer,

P. O

, & Murphy,

(1993). The personal impact of seizures: Correlations with seizure frequency, employment, cost of medical care, and satisfaction with physician care. Journal of Epilepsy, 6, 224–227.

67.

Shafer,

P. O.

(1994). Nursing support of epilepsy self-management. Clinical Nursing Practice in Epilepsy, 2, 11–12.

68.

Smeets,

V. M

, van Lierop,

B. A

, Vanhoutvin,

J. P

, Aldenkamp,

A. P

, & Nijhuis,

F. J.

(2007). Epilepsy and employment: Literature review. Epilepsy and Behavior, 10, 354–362.

69.

Spitzer,

R. L

, Kroenke,

, Williams,

J. B. W

, & Löwe,

(2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archieves of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.

70.

Tabachnick,

B. G.

, & Fidell,

L. S.

(2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

71.

Tansey,

T. N

, Iwanaga,

, Bezyak,

, & Ditchman,

(2017). Testing an integrated self-determined work motivation model for people with disabilities: A path analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 62(4), 534–544. doi: http://dx.doi.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/10.1037/rep0000141

72.

Thorbecke,

, & Fraser,

R. T.

(1997). The range of needs and services in vocational rehabilitation. In J. J. Engel, & T. A. Pedley (Eds.), Epilepsy: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 2211- 2226). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.

73.

Varekamp,

, Verbeek,

, & van Dijk,

(2006). How can we help employees with chronic diseases to stay at work? A review of interventions aimed at job retention and based on an empowerment perspective. International Archive Occupational Environ Health, 80, 87–97.

74.

Weinert,

(1987). A social support measure: PRQ85. Nursing Research, 36, 273–277.

75.

Weinert,

(2003). Measuring social support: PRQ2000. In O. L. Strickland, & C. DiIorio (Eds.), Measurement of nursing outcomes: Self-care and coping. (2nd ed.). Vol. 3, (pp. 161- 172). New York: Springer.

76.

West,

, Dye,

, & McMahon,

B. T.

(2006). Epilepsy and workplace discrimination: Population characteristics and trends. Epilepsy & Behavior, 9, 101–105.

77.

Yagi,

(1998). Epilepsy: Comprehensive care, quality of life, and factors preventing people with epilepsy from being employed. Clinical Therapeutics, 20(Suppl. A), A19–A29.